1. Periodic Table
From Left Right

2. Alkali Earth Metals-Family 1
They only have one valence electron
bond readily with other substances
So reactive never found uncombined in nature so never found as free elements
Unstable
Lose their valence electron
The reaction can be very violent
they are stored in oil so that they do not combine with water or oxygen in the air
Sodium alone is very explosive
Soft, silvery, white, can be cut with a knife
Good conductors of heat and electricity

3. Alkaline Earth Metals-Family 2
Never found in nature as uncombined elements
Exist bonded with other elements in compounds
Have 2 valence electrons
They usually give up their 2 valence electrons when they combine with other atoms
Unstable but not as reactive as the Alkali metals
Since they have to lose two of their electrons they are not quite as reactive as the alkali metals

4. Transition Metals- Between Family 2-13
Examples: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, silver
These metals have properties that are similar but they are different from any other family
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Usually brightly colored
Most transition elements have 1 or 2 electrons
when they combine with other atoms they lose either lose 1 or 2 of their valence electrons
they can share electrons-which we call covalent bonding
these elements form so many compounds

5. Non-Metals Families to the right of the transition elements
Metalloids the ladder like pattern
But notice that Boron is the first element in the family
Boron is hard and brittle
Never uncombined in nature
Usually found combined with oxygen
Has 3 valence electrons
Includes elements like Aluminum

6. Carbon Family Has 4 valence electrons Forms many different compounds
Sugars, starches, gasoline
An entire branch of chemistry is devoted to the study of carbon-organic
Silicon is in the family-combined with oxygen makes sand
Solar cells
Chips are used for memory and circuitry in computers

7. Nitrogen Family 5 valence electrons
tend to share electrons when they bond with other atoms
most abundant element in the earth’s atmosphere

8. Oxygen Family Has 6 valence electrons
Mostly share electrons when forming compounds
Oxygen is very reactive and combines with just about every other element

9. The Halogens React with the Alkali metals quite easily (Family 1)
The Halogens have 7 valence electrons
Most active non-metal
They need only 1 electron to fill their outermost energy level
They gain 1 electron
React with the Alkali metals quite easily (Family 1)
Common compound is Sodium Chloride-table salt
Fluorine, Chlorine-gases
Bromine-liquids
Iodine-solid

10. Noble Gases Normally unreactive Stable-complete outer energy level
Helium for balloons
Neon-for lights