2.1 Origins and Evolution of HTML

2.1 Origins and Evolution of HTML
HTML was defined with SGML(standard generalized markup language) Original intent of HTML: General layout of documents that could be displayed by a wide variety of computers Recent versions: HTML 4.0 – 1997 Introduced many new features and deprecated many older features HTML A cleanup of 4.0 XHTML Just 4.01 defined using XML, instead of SGML XHTML 1.1 – 2001 Modularized 1.0, and drops frames We’ll stick to 1.1, except for frames

2.1 Origins and Evolution of HTML (continued)
2.2 Basic Syntax Elements are defined by tags (markers): fundamental units Lower case letters Tag format: Opening tag: <name> Closing tag: </name> The opening tag and its closing tag together specify a container for the content they enclose SL NO HTML XHTML 1 SIMPLE SYNTAX RULES LAX SYNTAX RULES 2 FEW SYNTACTIC RULES: NOT STRICT STRICT SYNTACTIC RULES 3 DOCUMENT LACKS CONSISTENCY STRUCTURE IS CONSISTENT 4 CANNOT BE CHECKED SYNTACTIC CORRECTNESS CAN BE CHECKED

2.2 Basic Syntax (continued)
Not all tags have content If a tag has no content, its format is <name /> The container and its content together are called an element If a tag has attributes, they appear between its name and the right bracket of the opening tag Comment form:  Browsers ignore comments, unrecognizable tags, line breaks, multiple spaces, and tabs

2.3 XHTML Document Structure
Every XHTML document must begin with: 1.<?xml version = ″1.0″ encoding = “utf-8”?> 2. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ″-//w3c//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN″ <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> are required in every document The whole document must have <html> as its root html must have the xmlns attribute: 3. <html xmlns = ″ A document consists of a head and a body The <title> tag is used to give the document a title, which is normally displayed in the browser’s window title bar (at the top of the display)

2.4 Basic Text Markup Text is normally placed in paragraph elements
The <p> tag breaks the current line and inserts a blank line - the new line gets the beginning of the content of the paragraph The browser puts as many words of the paragraph’s content as will fit in each line <?xml version = ″1.0″?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ″-//w3c//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN″  <html xmlns = ″ <head> <title> Our first document </title> </head> <body> <p> Greetings from your Webmaster! </p> </body> </html>

2.4 Basic Text Markup (continued)
Line breaks The effect of the <br /> tag is the same as that of <p>, except for the blank line No closing tag! Example of paragraphs and line breaks On the plains of hesitation <p> bleach the bones of countless millions </p> <br /> who, at the dawn of victory <br /> sat down to wait, and waiting, died. Typical display of this text: On the plains of hesitation bleach the bones of countless millions who, at the dawn of victory sat down to wait, and waiting, died.

Headings Six sizes, 1 - 6, specified with <h1> to <h6> 1, 2, and 3 use font sizes that are larger than the default font size 4 uses the default size 5 and 6 use smaller font sizes

<html xmlns = ″ <head> <title> Headings </title> </head> <body> <h1> Aidan’s Airplanes (h1) </h1> <h2> The best in used airplanes (h2) </h2> <h3> "We’ve got them by the hangarful" (h3) </h3> <h4> We’re the guys to see for a good used airplane (h4) </h4> <h5> We offer great prices on great planes (h5) </h5> <h6> No returns, no guarantees, no refunds, all sales are final (h6) </h6> </body> </html>

Output: INDIA India, officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya),is acountry in south Asia. It is the seventh largest country by area, the second most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabean sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. INDIAN RIVERS Ganga river Brahmaputra river Cauvery river Krishna river

Blockquotes Content of <blockquote>
To set a block of text off from the normal flow and appearance of text Browsers often indent, and sometimes italicize

Example <html> <head> <title> Blockquotes </title> </head> <body> <p> Swami Vivekananda says </p> <blockquote> <p> "Arise..!! Awake..!!" </p> </blockquote> <p> He is my Role model </p> </body> </html>

Output:

Font Styles and Sizes: <b>, <i> and <u> specifies bold, italics and underline respectively. The emphasis tag, <em>, specifies that its textual content is special and should be displayed in some way that indicates this distinctiveness. Most browsers use italics for such content. The strong tag, <strong> is like the emphasis tag, but more so. Browsers often set the content of strong elements in bold. The code tag, <code>, is used to specify a monospace font, usually for program code.

Example: <html> <head> <title> font styles and sizes </title> </head> <body> <p><pre> Illustration of Font Styles <b> This is Bold </b> <i> This is Italics </i> <u> This is Underline </u> <em> This is Emphasis </em> <strong> This is strong </strong> <code> Total = Internals + Externals //this is code</code> </pre> </p> </body> </html>

Output This is bold This is Italics This is underline This is Emphasis This is strong Total = Internals + Externals

Character Entities: Character Entities Char. Entity Meaning
& & Ampersand < < Less than > > Greater than ” " Double quote ’ ' Single quote ¼ ¼ One quarter ½ ½ One half ¾ ¾ Three quarters  ° Degree (space) Non-breaking space

Example: <html> <head> <title> Character Entities </title> </head> <body> <p><pre> Illustration of character entities if you get &gt 70%, then you will get FCD if you get &lt 35%, then you are Fail &frac12 of my classmates get very good marks Now, the temperature in Bangalore is 30&deg C </pre></p> </body> </html>

Horizontal rules The parts of a document can be separated from each other, making the document easier to read, by placing horizontal lines between them. The block tag that creates them is <hr />. The <hr /> tag causes a line break (ending the current line) and places a line across the screen. <html> <head> <title> Horizontal Rule </title> </head> <body> <p> V.P Dr P.G Halakatti college of Eng and Tech<hr/> Department of Computer science and Eng </p> </body> </html>

Output: V.P Dr P.G Halakatti college of Eng and Tech Department of Computer science and Eng

2.5 Images GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
8-bit color (256 different colors) JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) 24-bit color (16 million different colors) Both use compression, but JPEG compression is better Image can be displayed on the web page using <img> tag. When the <img> tag is used, it should also be mentioned which image needs to be displayed. This is done using src attribute. Attribute means extra information given to the browser Whenever <img> tag is used, alt attribute is also used. Alt stands for alert. The alt attribute is required by XHTML Purposes: Non-graphical browsers Browsers with images turned off

Cont.. The <img> tag has 30 different attributes, including width and height (in pixels)

2.5 Images (continued)  <html xmlns = ″ <head> <title> Images </title> </head> <body> <h1> Aidan's Airplanes </h1> <h2> The best in used airplanes </h2> <h3> "We've got them by the hangarful" </h3> <h2> Special of the month </h2> <p> 1960 Cessna 210 <br /> 577 hours since major engine overhaul <br /> 1022 hours since prop overhaul <br /><br /> <img src = "c210new.jpg" alt = "Picture of a Cessna 210"/> Buy this fine airplane today at a remarkably low price <br /> Call today! </p> </body> </html>

2.5 Images (continued)

XHTML Document Validation:
The W3C provides a convenient Web-based way to validate XHTML documents against its standards. Step 1: The URL of the service is Copy & paste this link. Step 2: You will be driven to “Validate by File Upload” option automatically. Step 3: Browse for a XHTML program file in your computer. (example: F:/complete.html) Step 4: Click on “More Options” and select your criteria like show source Step 5: After all the settings, click on “Check” button Now you will be navigated to another page which shows success or failure

2.6 Hypertext Links HYPERTEXT LINKS
Hyperlinks are the mechanism which allows the navigation from one page to another. The term “hyper” means beyond and “link” means connection Whichever text helps in navigation is called hypertext Hyperlinks cam be created using <a> (anchor tag) The attribute that should be used for <a> is href

Cont.. Program: hyper.html <html> <head> <title> hyperlink </title> </head> <a href = "link.html"> CLICK HERE </a> </html> Program: link.html <body> This is Web Programming </body>

2.6 Hypertext Links (continued)
 <html xmlns = ″ <head> <title> Links </title> </head> <body> <h1> Aidan's Airplanes </h1> <h2> The best in used airplanes </h2> <h3> "We've got them by the hangarful" </h3> <h2> Special of the month </h2> <p> 1960 Cessna 210 <br /> <a href = "C210data.html"> Information on the Cessna 210 </a> </p> </body> </html>

If the target is not at the beginning of the document, the target spot must be marked Target labels can be defined in many different tags with the id attribute, as in <h1 id = "baskets"> Baskets </h1> The link to an id must be preceded by a pound sign (#); If the id is in the same document, this target could be <a href = "#baskets"> What about baskets? </a> If the target is in a different document, the document reference must be included <a href = "myAd.html#baskets”> Baskets </a>

2.7 Lists Unordered lists The list is the content of the <ul> tag List elements are the content of the <li> tag <h3> Some Common Single-Engine Aircraft </h3> <ul> <li> Cessna Skyhawk </li> <li> Beechcraft Bonanza </li> <li> Piper Cherokee </li> </ul> Ordered lists The list is the content of the <ol> tag Each item in the display is preceded by a sequence value

2.7 Lists (continued) <h3> Cessna 210 Engine Starting Instructions </h3> <ol> <li> Set mixture to rich </li> <li> Set propeller to high RPM </li> <li> Set ignition switch to "BOTH" </li> <li> Set auxiliary fuel pump switch to "LOW PRIME" </li> <li> When fuel pressure reaches 2 to 2.5 PSI, push starter button </li> </ol> Nested lists Any type list can be nested inside any type list The nested list must be in a list item

2.7 Lists (continued) Definition lists (for glossaries, etc.)
List is the content of the <dl> tag Terms being defined are the content of the <dt> tag The definitions themselves are the content of the <dd> tag <h3> Single-Engine Cessna Airplanes </h3> <dl > <dt> 152 </dt> <dd> Two-place trainer </dd> <dt> 172 </dt> <dd> Smaller four-place airplane </dd> <dt> 182 </dt> <dd> Larger four-place airplane </dd> <dt> 210 </dt> <dd> Six-place airplane - high performance </dd> </dl>

2.8 Tables <tr> : row in table
A table is a matrix of cells, each possibly having content The cells can include almost any element Some cells have row or column labels and some have data A table is specified as the content of a <table> tag A border attribute in the <table> tag specifies a border between the cells If border is set to "border", the browser’s default width border is used The border attribute can be set to a number, which will be the border width Without the border attribute, the table will have no lines! Tables are given titles with the <caption> tag, which can immediately follow <table> The cells of table can be specified one row at a time. <tr> : row in table <th>: heading tag in row lable <td>: data within cell

2.8 Tables (continued) <html xmlns = ″ <head> <title> Links </title> </head> <body> <table border = "border"> <caption> Fruit Juice Drinks </caption> <tr> <th> </th> <th> Apple </th> <th> Orange </th> <th> Screwdriver </th> </tr> <th> Breakfast </th> <td> 0 </td> <td> 1 </td> <th> Lunch </th> </table> </body> <html>

2.8 Tables (continued)

A table can have two levels of column labels
If so, the colspan attribute must be set in the <th> or <td> tag to specify that the label must span some number of columns <tr> <th colspan = "3"> Fruit Juice Drinks </th> </tr> <th> Orange </th> <th> Apple </th> <th> Screwdriver </th>

2.8 Tables (continued) If the rows have labels and there is a spanning column label, the upper left corner must be made larger, using rowspan <table border = "border"> <tr> <td rowspan = "2"> </td> <th colspan = "3"> Fruit Juice Drinks </th> </tr> <th> Apple </th> <th> Orange </th> <th> Screwdriver </th> … </table> Fruit Juice Drinks Apple Orange Screwdriver Breakfast 1 Lunch Dinner

2.8 Tables (continued) The align attribute controls the horizontal placement of the contents in a table cell Values are left, right, and center (default) align is an attribute of <tr>, <th>, and <td> elements The valign attribute controls the vertical placement of the contents of a table cell Values are top, bottom, and center (default) valign is an attribute of <th> and <td> elements

html xmlns = ″http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml″>
<head> <title> Links </title> </head> <body> <table border = "border"> <tr align = “centre”> <th></th> <th>Label 1</th> <th>Lable 2</th> <th>Lable 3</th> </tr> <tr > <th>align</th> <td align = “left” >left</td> <td align = “centre” >centre</td> <td align = “right” >right</td> <th>valign</th> <td >default</td> <td valign = “top” >top</td> <td valign = “bottom” >bottom</td> </tr> </table> </body></html> Label 1 Label 2 Label 3 Align left centre Right Valign default top bottom

The cellspacing attribute of <table> is used to specify the distance between cells in a table
The cellpadding attribute of <table> is used to specify the spacing between the content of a cell and the inner walls of the cell

Example <html> <head> <title> cell spacing and cell padding </title> </head> <body> <h3>Table with space = 10, pad = 50</h3> <table border = "7" cellspacing = "10" cellpadding = "50"> <tr> <td> Divya </td> <td>Chethan </td> </tr> </table> <h3>Table with space = 50, pad = 10</h3> <table border = "7" cellspacing = "50" cellpadding = "10"> <tr> <td> Divya </td> </body> </html>

2.9 Forms A form is the usual way information is gotten from a browser to a server HTML has tags to create a collection of objects that implement this information gathering The objects are called widgets (e.g., radio buttons and checkboxes) When the Submit button of a form is clicked, the form’s values are sent to the server All of the widgets, or components of a form are defined in the content of a <form> tag The only required attribute of <form> is action, which specifies the URL of the application that is to be called when the Submit button is clicked action = " If the form has no action, the value of action is the empty string

2.9 Forms (continued) The method attribute of <form> specifies one of the two possible techniques of transferring the form data to the server, get and post get and post are discussed in Chapter 10

Cont. The <input> Tag:
Many of the commonly used controls are specified with the inline tag <input>  It is a type of input which takes the text.  Any type of input can be created using <input>  The type attribute indicates what type of input is needed for the text box, the value should be given as text.  For any type of input, a name has to be provided which is done using name attribute.  The size of the text can be controlled using size attribute.

<html> <body> <head> <title>Text Box</title> </head> <form action = " "> <p> <label>Enter your Name: <input type = "text" name = "myname" size = "20" maxlength = "20" /> </label> </p> </form> </body> </html>

Password Box If the contents of a text box should not be displayed when they are entered by the user, a password control can be used. In this case, regardless of what characters are typed into the password control, only bullets or asterisks are displayed by the browser. <html> <head> <title>Password Box</title> </head> <body> <form action = " "> <p> <label>Enter the id: <input type = "text" name = "myname" size = "24" maxlength = "25" /> </label> </p> <p> <label>Enter the password: <input type = "password" name = "mypass" size = "20" maxlength = "20" /> </p> < /form> </body> </html

Radio Button Radio buttons are special type of buttons which allows the user to select only individual option  Radio buttons are created using the input tag with the type attribute having the value radio.  When radio buttons are created, values must be provided with the help of value attribute.  All the radio buttons which are created would have same name. This is because the radio buttons are group elements.  If one of the radio buttons has to be selected as soon as the web page is loaded, checked attribute should be used. The value also would be checked.

<html> <head> <title>Radio Button</title> </head> <body> <h3>Who is your Favourite Actor?</h3> <form action = " "> <p> <label><input type="radio" name="act" value="one” checked=“checked”/>Puneeth Rajkumar</label> <label><input type="radio" name="act" value="two"/>Sudeep</label> <label><input type="radio" name="act" value="three"/>Darshan</label> <label><input type="radio" name="act" value="four"/>ShivaRajkumar</label> </p> </form> </body> </html>

Check Box Check box is a type of input using which multiple options can be selected.  Check box can also be created using the <input> tag with the type having the value “checkbox”.  During the creation of check box, the value should be provided using the value attribute.  All the checkbox which are created would have the same name because they are group elements.  If one of the check box have to be selected as soon as the page is loaded, checked attribute should be used with the value checked.

<html> <head> <title>Check Box</title> </head> <body> <h3>Who is your Favourite Actress?</h3> <form action = " "> <p> <label><input type="checkbox" name="act" value="one"/>Ragini</label> <label><input type="checkbox" name="act" value="two"/>Ramya</label > <label><input type="checkbox" name="act”value="three"/>Aindritha</label> <label><input type="checkbox" name="act" value="four"/>Radhika</label> <label><input type="checkbox" name="act" value="four"/>Rakshitha</label> </p> </form> </body> </html>

The <select> Tag:
Menu items is another type of input that can be created on the page. To create the menu item, <select> tag is used. To insert the item in the menu, <option> tag is used.

<html <head> <title> Menu </title> </head> <body> <p> BLDE Branches - Information Science, Computer Science, Electronics, Electrical, Mechanical </p> <form action = ""> <p> With size = 1 (the default) <select name = "branches"> <option> Information Science </option> <option> Computer Science </option> <option> Electronics </option> <option> Electrical </option> <option> Mechanical </option> </select> </p> </form> </body> </html>

If you give <select name = "branches" size = “3”>, then you will get a scroll bar instead of drop down menu. It is as shown in the output given below:

The <textarea> Tag:
Text area is a type of input using which multiple statements can be entered.  Text area is created using <textarea> tag.  Text area should have the name.  During the creation of text area, it should be mentioned how many sentences can be entered. This is done using rows attribute.  Similarly, it should also be mentioned how many characters can be entered in a line. This is done using cols attribute.  If the value given to rows is exceeded i.e. if users enter sentences more than specified, the scroll bar automatically appears.

<html> <head> <title> text area </title> </head> <body> <form action=" "> <h3> Enter your comments</h3> <p> <textarea name="feedback" rows="5" cols="100"> </textarea> </p> </form> </body> </html>

The Action Buttons: The Reset button clears all of the controls in the form to their initial states. The Submit button has two actions: First, the form data is encoded and sent to the server; second, the server is requested to execute the server-resident program specified in the action attribute of the <form> tag. Every form requires a Submit button. The Submit and Reset buttons are created with the <input> tag.

<html> <head> <title> action buttons </title> </head> <body> <form action=" "> <p> <input type="SUBMIT" value="SUBMIT"/> <input type="RESET" value="RESET"/> </p> </form> </body> </html>

Example of a Complete Form:

2.9 Forms (continued) 2. Checkboxes - to collect multiple choice input
If you don’t want to allow the user to type more characters than will fit, set maxlength, which causes excess input to be ignored <input type = "text" name = "Phone" size = "12" > 2. Checkboxes - to collect multiple choice input Every checkbox requires a value attribute, which is the widget’s value in the form data when the checkbox is ‘checked’ A checkbox that is not ‘checked’ contributes no value to the form data By default, no checkbox is initially ‘checked’ To initialize a checkbox to ‘checked’, the checked attribute must be set to "checked"

2.10 Frames Frames are rectangular sections of the display window, each of which can display a different document Because frames are no longer part of XHTML, you cannot validate a document that includes frames The <frameset> tag specifies the number of frames and their layout in the window <frameset> takes the place of <body> Cannot have both! <frameset> must have either a rows attribute or a cols attribute, or both (usually the case) Default is 1 The possible values for rows and cols are numbers, percentages, and asterisks A number value specifies the row height in pixels - Not terribly useful! A percentage specifies the percentage of total window height for the row - Very useful!

2.10 Frames (continued) An asterisk after some other specification gives the remainder of the height of the window Examples: <frameset rows = "150, 200, 300"> <frameset rows = "25%, 50%, 25%"> <frameset rows = "50%, 20%, *" > <frameset rows = "50%, 25%, 25%" cols = "40%, *"> The <frame> tag specifies the content of a frame The first <frame> tag in a <frameset> specifies the content of the first frame, etc. Row-major order is used Frame content is specified with the src attribute Without a src attribute, the frame will be empty (such a frame CANNOT be filled later) If <frameset> has fewer <frame> tags than frames, the extra frames are empty

2.10 Frames (continued) Scrollbars are implicitly included if needed (they are needed if the specified document will not fit) If a name attribute is included, the content of the frame can be changed later (by selection of a link in some other frame) Note: the Frameset standard must be specified in the DOCTYPE declaration

Example: <?xml version = “1.0” encoding = “utf-8”?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC ″-//w3c//DTD XHTML 1.0//EN″ <html xmlns = <head><title>frames</title></head> <frameset cols = “20%,*”> <frame src = “content.html”/> <frame src = “fruits.html” name = “descriptions:/> </frameset> </html>

Content.html  <html xmlns = ″ <head> <title> Table of Contents Frame </title> </head> <body> <h4> Fruits </h4> <ul> <li> <a href = "apples.html" target = "descriptions"> apples </a> <li> <a href = "bananas.html" bananas </a> <li> <a href = "oranges.html" oranges </a> </ul> </body> </html>

Fruits.html <html xmlns = ″http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml″>
<head> <title> general information of fruits </title> </head> <body> <p> information regarding fruit </p> </body> </html>

2.10 Frames (continued) Nested frames - to divide the screen in more interesting ways <frameset cols="*,*"> <frame src="frame_1.html"> <frameset rows="*,*"> <frame src="frame_2.html"> <frame src="frame_3.html"> <frame src="frame_4.html"> </frameset> </frameset>

2.1 Origins and Evolution of HTML

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "2.1 Origins and Evolution of HTML"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

2.1 Origins and Evolution of HTML

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "2.1 Origins and Evolution of HTML"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback