2. Bellwork Why are math and science so important?
Why do you take so many exams?
When did schools start offering classes in languages other than english?
Who decides what should be taught in schools?

3. The Modern History of Education in America
Chapter 4
The Modern History of Education in America

4. The Modern History of Education in America
Each era’s historical events impact
expectations of the educational system
the public’s perception of it
Some presidents have been more involved in educational policies, while others believe education should be left to individual states

5. For Discussion
What modern event do you believe has most influenced the evolution of education? Why?
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6. Objective
Identify links between key federal education legislation and perceived threats to national security or prosperity during the 1940s and 1950s.
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7. American Education During the 1940s and 1950s
Factory, offices and classroom positions filled by women and African-Americans during WWII
Veterans attended college or received training with federal money from the GI Bill
The children of the baby boom created the need for more schools and teachers
Photographs and stories of the Holocaust made people more aware of the tragic effects of prejudice
Never before had so many women worked outside of the home
Create a list of ways WWIIs impact on education still influences today’s education.

8. For Discussion Do you know anyone who was part of the baby boom?
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9. Keeping America Competitive
Americans feared Soviets’ technological advantage
The tensions and competition increased between the Soviet Union and the U.S. and its allies
The National Defense Education Act encouraged stronger math, science, and foreign language programs
Homework requirements increased
Americans were alarmed when the Soviets launched the first satelite, Sputnik
Fear of Soviets education system focusing on math and science would make them advance ahead of us = military advantage.
NDE Act provided funds to public and private schools for scientific equipment and college scholarships.
Schools responded by requiring students to take additional math and science classes
Homework increased in an effort to spur learning.
Why were American’s so alarmed? Can this be compared to anything that is happening in the world today?

10. Objective
Summarize the impact of the civil rights movement on American education, citing examples of ways this movement prompted improved educational opportunities for other groups.
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11. Brown vs. the Board of Education
Up to this point, schools were “separate but equal”
The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation of schools was unconstitutional
Public schools were ordered to desegregate
This ruling was critical to the civil rights movement
African American schools were not equal in funding. How so?
Materials were usually outdated and passed down /left overs from white schools.
Who could teach in AA schools?
Some schools desegregated immediately, others found ways to delay it. (Tupelo High)

12. Behaviorism
Educators embrace B. F. Skinner’s theory of behaviorism—the belief that how a person behaves is determined by that person’s experiences
Appropriate behavior and achievement are rewarded; punishments are common
By controlling the classroom environment and experiences, they could produce educated, well-behaved students
Gold stickers
Punishment
Widely accepted in edu
Show Big Bang Theory Examples of Behaviorism

13. Bellwork
Describe how integrated classrooms may have looked in the early days of desegregation.

14. American Education During the 1960s
Teenage baby boomers question conservatism of 1950s and challenged those values
Political turmoil, assassinations, and the civil rights movement were all happening
Educational freedom spurred innovative, creative ideas for improvement
The most significant changes impacted students’ economic and educational disadvantages
Baby boomers were teenagers
JFK president
Armstrong on moon in 1969
Vitenam War
J Kennedy, MLK, and Robert Kennedy all assassinated
Civil rights movement- I Have a Dream Speech
Spurred other groups to work for their own equality- women, native americans, hispanics, disabilities

15. The Civil Rights Act
Many schools continued to educate children separately
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed segregation in public schools and public places
I Have a Dream Speech
Civil Rights Movement spurred equality for ALL- women, hispanic, native american, disabilities
Act formally outlawed segregation in schools and public places
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16. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act
President Lyndon Johnson
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 sought to
improve schools most in need
give federal money to schools where poor children were enrolled
equalize educational opportunities

17. Project Head Start
Project Head Start was designed to help preschool children from low-income families
develop skills needed for school success
to be less likely to develop academic problems later
continued

18. Project Head Start
Today, Head Start programs may be coordinated with other programs, such as
all-day child care
high-quality preschool environments
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19. For Reflection
Why do you think so much of the civil rights movement involved education?
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20. American Education During the 1970s
Divorce rate, number of single parents rise
More women enter the workforce
Unemployment, inflation rise
Oil crisis raised prices
Less disposable income means schools have less funding
Why did more women enter the workforce?
Every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service

21. Desegregation and Busing
Desegregation at the school level had not solved unequal education
Neighborhood schools tended to be divided by race
Forced integration led to busing students to different schools but did not necessarily help make schools equal

22. Bilingual Education
The Supreme Court granted bilingual education to Spanish-speaking students
Language was a barrier to equal education
Schools were ordered to provide basic English language classes for those with limited English skills
Texas school ordered to combine spanish and english school- all students taught both languages

23. Gender Equity
The Equal Opportunity in Education Act prohibited discrimination based on gender in all programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance
Title 9 with sports in schools- every male sport was allowed for females too
Prior- women held different jobs than men.
Even in comparable positions, women were paid less than men.
1970- women earned 59 cents for every dollar men earned
1978- more women enrolled in college than men
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24. Children with Disabilities
In 1975, Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act
This act
guaranteed free education for children with disabilities
mandated education must be appropriate and take place in the least restrictive environment
Prior- children were segregated in special rooms.
Students with disabilities had the opportunity to e educated with non-disabled peers to the greatest extent appropriate
continued

25. Children with Disabilities
Children with disabilities are now able to spend at least part of their days in regular classrooms
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26. Objective
Evaluate the impact of educational reforms of the 1970s and 1980s on teachers and students.
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27. American Education During the 1980s
Presidents Reagan and Bush believed the federal government’s role in education should be reduced
Consumerism increased
Baby boomers begin raising families

28. The Back-to-Basics Movement
A Nation at Risk, a federal report, showed that the U.S. was falling behind other countries in business, science, and technology
Millions of Americans were illiterate
The back-to-basics movement called for emphasis on reading, writing, and math

29. For Discussion
How is the back-to-basics movement significantly different from education today?
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30. Objective
Identify how educational changes in the 1990s and 2000s continue to shape education today.
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31. American Education During the 1990s and Beyond
Technology played a major role
Good economy, low unemployment
Major challenges:
Terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, leading to war
Financial crisis that began in 2008 and affected the global economy

32. The Computer Revolution
Until the mid-1990s, computers were not in the classrooms
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continued

33. The Computer Revolution
Computers became less expensive, more available, and essential
Ability to use computers skillfully became a key career skill
Education is available to the student at a convenient time and place

34. Educational Standards and Accountability
Educational standards help bring uniformity to education
Teacher associations developed national standards for various subject areas
Competency-based education provides an objective way of evaluating learning
continued

35. Educational Standards and Accountability
Setting standards led to a move toward accountability
Standardized tests can help
compare students’ performance from different schools
determine which programs are working

36. For Reflection
Do you think standardized tests truly measure student achievement? Why or why not?
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37. Goals 2000
Goals 2000 Act of 1994 established six educational goals to be reached by the year 2000
Implementation was left to states and local school districts

38. No Child Left Behind Act
Goal: to improve the performance of U.S. schools
Components include
increased accountability
more choices for parents choosing schools
increased focus on reading
continued

39. No Child Left Behind Act
Receipt of federal funds is tied to school performance
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continued

40. No Child Left Behind Act
Schools that succeed in meeting standards receive more money
Parents can move children to higher-achieving schools
What do you think is wrong with this act?
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continued

41. No Child Left Behind Act
Concerns:
Schools already behind would become even more poorly funded
Teachers would spend most of their time preparing students for standardized tests
Some states established more charter schools

42. Competing in the Global Economy
Concerns that the U.S. is losing its competitive edge
American jobs shifting to foreign workers
Math and science scores are falling
Many students do not complete high school
continued

43. Competing in the Global Economy
Remaining competitive depends on a skilled and well-educated workforce
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44. Career Clusters
Career clusters help prepare students to succeed in the workplace
Sixteen general areas with related career opportunities and essential knowledge and skill requirements
Educators use clusters and pathways to develop curriculum and programs of study
continued

45. Career Clusters
The Career Clusters icons are being used with permission of: States’ Career Cluster Initiative, 2008,

46. Key Points
1940s: War created job opportunities for women, African-Americans
1950s: Cold War prompted emphasis on science, technology, and foreign language education
1960s: The Civil Rights Act; focus on special educational needs of children living in poverty
continued

47. Key Points
1970s: Busing, bilingual education, equality for genders, education for children with disabilities
1980s: Concern over lack of basic skills
1990s and later: Concern over America’s ability to compete; emphasis on standards, accountability; budget concerns

48. Review
What was the result of the case of Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?
Racial segregation violated the Constitution, and public schools were ordered to desegregate.
Why was busing started?
Neighborhoods tended to be divided by race, so schools were not desegregating.
continued

49. Review What are educational standards?
Guidelines defining what students at various levels should know and be able to do
What educational reform act was passed in 2001 with the goal to improve the performance of schools in the U.S.?
No Child Left Behind Act
continued

50. Review What are career pathways?
Subcategories of career options within each career cluster
What is the purpose of programs of study?
To prepare students for successful transition from high school to postsecondary education/credentialing and employment