1. CSC 113: Computer Programming (Theory = 03, Lab = 01)
Momina Moetesum
Computer Science Department
Bahria University, Islamabad

2. Introduction to Arrays
Week # 11

3. Introduction Arrays One-dimesional arrays Character arrays or strings
Structures of related data items
Static entity - same size throughout program
One-dimesional arrays
Character arrays or strings
Multi-dimensional arrays

4. Arrays Array To refer to an element, specify
Consecutive group of memory locations
Same name and type
To refer to an element, specify
Array name and position number
Format: arrayname[ position number ]
First element at position 0
n element array c:
c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ]…c[ n - 1 ]
Array elements are like normal variables
c[ 0 ] = 3;
cout << c[ 0 ];

5. Arrays
c[6]
-45 6 72
1543
-89 62 -3 1
6453 78
Name of array (Note that all elements of this array have the same name, c)
c[0]
c[1]
c[2]
c[3]
c[11]
c[10]
c[9]
c[8]
c[7]
c[5]
c[4]
Position number of the element within array c

6. Array Subscripts Performing operations in subscript. 1) If x = 3,
c[ 5 – 2 ] == c[ 3 ] == c[ x ]
2) If a =5 and b=6 then
c[a + b] +=2
adds 2 to array element c[11]
3) To print the sum of first three elements of array c
cout<<c[0]+c[1]+c[2]<<endl;
4) To divide the value of seventh element of array c by 2
x = c[6]/2;
*Note: [ ] are considered an operator with same precedence as ( )

7. Declaring Arrays Declaring arrays - specify:
Type of array
Name
Number of elements
Examples
int c[ 10 ];
float hi[ 3284 ];
Declaring multiple arrays of same type
Similar format as other variables
Example
int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];

8. Initializing Arrays Initializers
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
If not enough initializers, rightmost elements become 0
If too many initializers, a syntax error is generated
int n[ 5 ] = { 0 }
Sets all the elements to 0
If size omitted, the initializers determine it
int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
5 initializers, therefore n is a 5 element array

9. 1 // Fig. 4.4: fig04_04.cpp
2 // Initializing an array
3 #include <iostream> 4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl; 7
8 #include <iomanip> 9
10 using std::setw; 11
12 int main()
13 {
14 int n[ 10 ];
15 for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
for
16 n[i]=0;
17 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
18 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 ) << n[ i ] << endl; 20
21 return 0;
22 }

10. Element Value

11. 1 // Fig. 4.5: fig04_05.cpp
2 // Initializing an array with a declaration
3 #include <iostream> 4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl; 7
8 #include <iomanip> 9
10 using std::setw; 11
12 int main()
13 {
14 int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 }; 15
16 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl; 17
18 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 ) << n[ i ] << endl; 20
21 return 0;
22 }

12. Element Value

13. 1 // Fig. 4.6: fig04_06.cpp
2 // Array size declaration as const
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6 #include <iomanip>
7 using std::setw;
8 int main()
9 {
10 const int arraySize = 10;
11 int s[arraySize]; 12
13 for(int i=0; i<arraySize; i++)
14 s[i]=2+2*i; 15
for
16 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl; 17
18 for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << s[ j ] << endl; 20
21 return 0;
22 }

14. Element Value

15. 1 // Fig. 4.6: fig04_06.cpp
2 // Array size declaration as const
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6 #include <iomanip>
7 using std::setw;
8 int main()
9 {
10 const int arraySize = 10;
11 int s[arraySize]; 12
13 for(int i=0; i<arraySize; i++)
14 cin>>s[i]; 15
for
16 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl; 17
18 for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << s[ j ] << endl; 20
21 return 0;
22 }

16. 2 // A const object must be initialized 3 4 int main() 5 {
1 // Fig. 4.7: fig04_07.cpp
2 // A const object must be initialized 3
4 int main()
5 {
6 const int x; // Error: x must be initialized 7
8 x = 7; // Error: cannot modify a const variable 9
10 return 0;
11 }
1. Initialize const variable
2. Attempt to modify variable
Program Output
Fig04_07.cpp:
Error E2304 Fig04_07.cpp 6: Constant variable 'x' must be
initialized in function main()
Error E2024 Fig04_07.cpp 8: Cannot modify a const object in
function main()
*** 2 errors in Compile ***

17. 1 // Fig. 4.7: fig04_07.cpp
2 // A const object must be initialized 3
4 int main()
5 {
6 const int x = 7; 7 8 9
10 return 0;
11 }

18. Self Practice Define a constant variable arraySize initialized to 10.
Declare an array with arraySize elements of type float and initialize the elements to 0.
Name the fourth element from the beginning of the array.
Refer to array element 4.
Assign the value to array element 9.
Assign the value to the seventh element of the array.
Print all the elements of array using for repetition structure.

19. Character arrays or strings
Arrays of characters
All strings end with null ('\0')
Should be declared large enough to accommodate ‘\0’
Examples:
char string1[] = "hello";
char string1[] = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0’ };
Subscripting is the same as for a normal array
String1[ 0 ] is 'h'
string1[ 2 ] is 'l‘

20. Character arrays or strings
Input from keyboard
char string2[ 10 ];
cin >> string2;
Takes user input until first white space character is encountered
Side effect: if too much text entered, data written beyond array

21. 2 // Treating character arrays as strings 3 #include <iostream>
1 // Fig. 4_12: fig04_12.cpp
2 // Treating character arrays as strings
3 #include <iostream> 4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::cin;
7 using std::endl; 8
9 int main()
10 {
11 char string1[ 20 ], string2[] = "string literal"; 12
13 cout << "Enter a string: ";
14 cin >> string1;
15 cout << "string1 is: " << string1
<< "\nstring2 is: " << string2
<< "\nstring1 with spaces between characters is:\n"; 18
19 for ( int i = 0; string1[ i ] != '\0'; i++ )
cout << string1[ i ] << ' '; 21
22 cin >> string1; // reads "there"
23 cout << "\nstring1 is: " << string1 << endl; 24
25 cout << endl;
26 return 0;
27 }
Inputted strings are separated by whitespace characters. "there" stayed in the buffer.
Notice how string elements are referenced like arrays.

22. Enter a string: Hello there
string1 is: Hello
string2 is: string literal
string1 with spaces between characters is:
H e l l o
string1 is: there

23. Self Practice
Declare and initialize a character array word with your name.
Using a for structure, find the size of the array.