1. MOUNTAIN TOP UNIVERSITY
CHM 102 Organic Chemistry
FULLERENES, NANOCHEMISTRY & NANOSTRUCTURE
Dr. (Mrs.) NDUKWE, Nelly Acha
          FULLERENES, NANOCHEMISTRY & NANOSTRUCTURE by Dr. (Mrs.) Ndukwe, Nelly Acha is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License

2. Carbon structures Graphite: Diamond: Buckminster fullerene:
black, opaque, lusterous, slippery, conducts electricity
Diamond:
colourless, clear, lusterous, high
m.p., does not conduct electricity
Buckminster fullerene:
Black solid, deep red solution in
petrol

3. Fullerenes Chemistry
They are spheres of only carbon atoms and are also allotropes of carbon
One example is the Buckminsterfullerene (Buckyball)
It has a formula C60
It is a black solid
Dissolves in petrol to make a
red solution
Free moving electrons so conducts electricity

4. What are fullerenes?
Fullerenes are closed hollow cages consisting of carbon atoms interconnected in pentagonal and hexagonal rings.
Each carbon atom on the cage surface is bonded to three carbon neighbors therefore is sp2 hybridized.
The most famous fullerene is C60, known also by “ buckyball ".
Other relatively common clusters are C70, C72, C74, C76, C80, C82 and C84 (plenty of others, higher or lower than C60, exist too but less abundant in the experimentally produced mixture fullerene soot).

5. C60: An unusual form of carbon
Dissolves in common solvents like benzene, toluene, hexane
Readily vaporizes in vacuum around 400°C
Low thermal conductivity
Pure C60 is an electrical insulator
C60 doped with alkali metals shows a range of electrical conductivity:
Insulator (K6 C60) to superconductor (K3 C60) < 30 K!

6. Review: Carbon Chemistry
What is carbon’s electron orbital diagram?
How many bonds does carbon always form?
Four
These can be:
four single bonds
two single bonds and one double bond
two double bonds
one single bond and one triple bond

7. Bonding pattern in carbon
Four single bonds
Tetrahedral with bond angles of approximately 109º. C
Two single bonds and one double bond
Planar with 120º bond angles.
=C=
Two double bonds
Linear with 180º bond angles. C
One single bond and one triple bond
Linear with 180º bond angles.

8. Diamond How are the carbon atoms arranged in diamond?
Each interior carbon is covalently bonded to four others in a tetrahedron.

9. Graphite How are carbon atoms arranged in graphite?
arranged in planar layers
(sheets)
each interior carbon atom is covalently bonded to three others in a hexagonal pattern
very weak forces exist between the layers (gray lines in the figure above)
the individual layers extend indefinitely in two dimensions

10. Graphite Knowing that: carbon always forms four bonds;
each carbon atom in graphite is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms; and
the graphite layers are flat.
What is the bonding pattern around a given carbon atom in graphite? C
Two single bonds and one double bond

11. Fullerenes: Uses They can cage other molecules
In the future this may be used to deliver drugs in small amounts for slow release.
E.g. Cancer treatment

12. Nanotubes – How big are they?
Nanotubes are being
developed for use in
computer technology.
These tubes are:
1-2nm diameter
100mm long

13. Nanotubes & Fullerene derivatives

14. Nanotubes Uses
Biological: drug delivery, trap dangerous substances, immobilization of enzymes, DNA transfection
Paints: improving strength & conductivity
Actuators: changing electrical energy into mechanical energy e.g. robotics
Electronics: semiconductors, diodes.
Chemical industry: catalysts e.g. zeolites in hydrocarbon cracking
Excellent website:

15. Application o Nanotubes
A range of applications intended to improve life quality and to provide novel approaches to diagnostic and therapy, based on suitably designed nanostructures, nanoparticles or smart molecular systems.
Currently, a number of research groups is studying such topics, as witnessed also by specifically devoted scientific journals.

16. Types of nanotubes Semiconductor:
It is a chiral nanotube - “twists” along its length.
Conductor (metallic):
Straight nanotubes
[Only conducts electricity under specific conditions]

17. Application of nanochemistry
This discipline involves both new materials and new principles, as powerful tools for an extremely effective action against a range of diseases.
For example a physicochemical phenomenon called Surface Plasmon Resonance is used to develope a technology for drug discovery, antibody screening, ligand fishing and therapeutics.

18. Application of nanochemistry
Futuristic kinds of nanorobots have been even imagined, able not only to take care of our health from inside our body, but also to replicate themselves or to modify themselves according to the specific problem to be solved.
Increasing funding initiatives are supporting this fascinating and promising research field.

20. Nanomedicine
Nanotechnology provides a wide range of new technologies for developing customized solutions that optimize the delivery of pharmaceutical products.
Today, harmful side effects of treatments such as chemotherapy are commonly a result of drug delivery methods that don't pinpoint their intended target cells accurately. 
Researchers at Harvard and MIT, however, have been able to attach special RNA strands, measuring nearly 10 nm in diameter, to nano-particles, filling them with a chemotherapy drug. These RNA strands are attracted to cancer cells.
When the nanoparticle encounters a cancer cell, it adheres to it, and releases the drug into the cancer cell. This directed method of drug delivery has great potential for treating cancer patients while avoiding negative effects (commonly associated with improper drug delivery)

22. Nanorobotics
Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field creating machines or robots whose components are at or close to the scale of a nanometer (10−9 meters).  
More specifically, nanorobotics refers to the nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots, with devices ranging in size from 0.1–10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components.[ 
The names nanobots, nanoids, nanites, nanomachines or nanomites have also been used to describe these devices currently under research and development.

23. The nanotube is used here to connect two
Diode:
The nanotube is used here to connect two
electrodes (yellow) on a silicon dioxide base (green)
[Diodes allow a current to travel in one direction only]
Superconductors or Insulators:

24. NANOTUBES Nanotubes are made by joining fullerenes together Properties
Hexagons curled into a tube shape
Very strong
Conducts electricity
Small with a large surface area
Can be separated from liquid products for re- use
Uses
Reinforce Graphite in tennis racquets
Semi conductors in electric circuits in modern computers and electric circuits
Industrial catalysts

25. Drug Delivery – ‘Buckydrugs’
‘Cages’ made of Buckminster fullerene structures can be used to carry drugs

26. Bacteria can be used to carry drugs, DNA or sensors attached to nanoparticles into cells for treatment, gene therapy or diagnosis.

27. Replacing Antibiotics

33. FULLERENES, NANOCHEMISTRY & NANOSTRUCTURE by Dr. (Mrs
          FULLERENES, NANOCHEMISTRY & NANOSTRUCTURE by Dr. (Mrs.) Ndukwe, Nelly Acha is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License