1. Ship Construction Framing Systems Double Bottom Construction Stem & Stern Construction

2. Transverse Framing: Deck Beams tie upper ends of frames Fewer, deeper & more widely spaced Longitudinals … Support Inner Bottom & give longitudinal strength Longitudinals supporting Decks are called (Deck) Girders Additional Decks (supported by Beams & Girders) increase Transverse & Longitudinal strength Many, closely- spaced Frames Transverse Bulkheads provide watertight boundaries, contribute significantly to transverse strength, and provide vertical support for Decks

3. Advantages Open, nearly rectangular interior space Ideal for stowing large, irregular, break-bulk items, or Vehicles (Ro-Ro’s) Disadvantages Vertical support for decks requires more closely spaced transverse bulkheads (hence smaller compartments) or Pillars (stanchions) or Longitudinal bulkheads Transverse Framing: Many, closely- spaced Frames

4. Longitudinal Framing: Deep (Web) Transverse Frames Few & widely spaced Smaller, closely- spaced Longitud- nals support shell plating Side shell longitudinals call stringers Inner Bottom gives additional longitudinal & transverse strength Girders in high-stress areas: Double bottom spaces and … Under main deck

5. Advantages Widely spaced transverse bulkheads allow for large (i.e., long) continuous cargo spaces (“tanks”) Ideal for stowing liquids (reduced free surface effects) Disadvantages No large, open interior spaces Difficult to load or unload break-bulk items Difficult to stow large, irregular shaped items Longitudinal Framing: Deep (Web) Transverse Frames

6. Framing Systems: Typically, most ships have some combination of transverse & longitudinal framing T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T C L C L SECTION VIEW PLAN VIEW Typical Transverse Frames Web Frame L L L L L FLOOR UPPER TWEEN DECK LOWER TWEEN DECK (LOWER) HOLD Bulkhead STIFFENERS Stringer

7. Double Bottom details: Rider Plate Inner Bottom (Tank Top) Air- hole Margin Plate Center Vertical Keel Keel Plate Outer Bottom Lightening hole Limber hole Longitudinal Bilge Frame “SOLID” FLOOR Reverse Frame “OPEN” FLOOR Frame Longitudinal Strut Bilge well

8. Shell Plating details: Keel Strake Garboard Strake (“A” strake) “B” Strake “C” Strake “D” Strake “E” Strake “G” Strake “F” Strake (Bilge Strake) (Longitudinal) Rows of plating are called “strakes” The Keel Plates form the “Keel strake” The strakes outboard (P&S) of the Keel are the “A” Strakes or “Garboard Strakes” Strakes are consecutively lettered moving outboard and up the side shell

9. Shell Plating details: (Longitudinal) Rows of plating are called “strakes” Welded horizontal joints between strakes are called seams Welded vertical joints between plates in a given strake are called butts Strakes that do not run the entire ship length (as the hull surface area decreases at the ends) are drop strakes Bilge (“F”) Strake “G” Strake “H” Strake drop  “J” Strake Through  “K” Strake Sheer Strake Strakes running stem to stern are called through strakes An oversized plate merging a drop & through strake is a stealer plate The strake at the deck edge is the sheer strake and is heavier than typical side shell plating

10. Openings in shell plating must: Openings in shell plating must: *have rounded corners *be reinforced to make up for missing material portholes Watertight doors Hatch openings below decks … and on weather deck -- COAMINGS

11. Stem Construction Wrapper Plate Stem Breast Hooks Vertical Stem Post Deep Floors Forward Collision Bulkhead Rider Plate C.V. Keel Keel Plate Decks Stringers Wrapper Plate Stem

12. Stern Construction Stern Frame Propeller Post UNBALANCED RUDDER Rudder Stock Rudder Post Stern Tube Steering Gear Room Deck Mach’y Rm Rope Locker After Peak Tank After Collision Bulkhead Stern Frame Cant Frames SEMI-BALANCED RUDDER Lug Pintle Gudgeon