1. Do Boys learn differently then girls?
Dr. Terry Stuard
Gaffney middle school

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
WHAT ARE SOME METHODS IN WHICH WE AS SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS CAN HARNESS AND CHALLENGE THE POWERFUL ENERGY OF BOYS?

3. Do you believe that our education process is purposely set against males or females?

4. Maybe not on purpose, but it has been stated that schools do not recognize or provide for gender specific needs.

5. Now the big question…
WHY NOT? Do boys really learn differently then girls? Then why weren’t we trained in how to meet their needs?

6. The Brain. Because of PET and MRI scans we can look inside the brain of the boy and the girl. This is where they have found structural and functional differences that affect learning. This is for all children globally across all cultures.

7. The following are some of the characteristics of girls' brains:
A girl's corpus callosum (the connecting bundle of tissues between hemispheres) is, on average, larger than a boy's—up to 25 percent larger by adolescence. This enables more “cross talk” between hemispheres in the female brain.
Girls have, in general, stronger neural connectors in their temporal lobes than boys have. These connectors lead to more sensually detailed memory storage, better listening skills, and better discrimination among the various tones of voice. This leads, among other things, to greater use of detail in writing assignments.
The hippocampus (another memory storage area in the brain) is larger in girls than in boys, increasing girls' learning advantage, especially in the language arts.
Girls' prefrontal cortex is generally more active than boys' and develops at earlier ages. For this reason, girls tend to make fewer impulsive decisions than boys do. Further, girls have more serotonin in the bloodstream and the brain, which makes them biochemically less impulsive.
Girls generally use more cortical areas of their brains for verbal and emotive functioning. Boys tend to use more cortical areas of the brain for spatial and mechanical functioning (Moir & Jessel, 1989; Rich, 2000).

8. What, then, are some of the qualities that are generally more characteristic of boys' brains?
Because boys' brains have more cortical areas dedicated to spatial-mechanical functioning, males use, on average, half the brain space that females use for verbal-emotive functioning. The cortical trend toward spatial-mechanical functioning makes many boys want to move objects through space, like balls, model airplanes, or just their arms and legs. Most boys, although not all of them, will experience words and feelings differently than girls do (Blum, 1997; Moir & Jessel, 1989).
Boys not only have less serotonin than girls have, but they also have less oxytocin, the primary human bonding chemical. This makes it more likely that they will be physically impulsive and less likely that they will neurally combat their natural impulsiveness to sit still and empathically chat with a friend (Moir & Jessel, 1989; Taylor, 2002).
Boys lateralize brain activity. Their brains not only operate with less blood flow than girls' brains, but they are also structured to compartmentalize learning. Thus, girls tend to multitask better than boys do, with fewer attention span problems and greater ability to make quick transitions between lessons (Havers, 1995).
The male brain is set to renew, recharge, and reorient itself by entering what neurologists call a rest state. The boy in the back of the classroom whose eyes are drifting toward sleep has entered a neural rest state. It is predominantly boys who drift off without completing assignments, who stop taking notes and fall asleep during a lecture, or who tap pencils or otherwise fidget in hopes of keeping themselves awake and learning. Females tend to recharge and reorient neural focus without rest states. Thus, a girl can be bored with a lesson, but she will nonetheless keep her eyes open, take notes, and perform relatively well. This is especially true when the teacher uses more words to teach a lesson instead of being spatial and diagrammatic. The more words a teacher uses, the more likely boys are to “zone out,” or go into rest state. The male brain is better suited for symbols, abstractions, diagrams, pictures, and objects moving through space than for the monotony of words (Gurian, 2001).

9. We have fought for our girls, now we must fight for our boys, because they are losing!

10. Boys earn 70 percent of Ds and Fs and fewer than half of the As.
Boys account for two-thirds of learning disability diagnoses.
Boys represent 90 percent of discipline referrals.
Boys dominate such brain-related learning disorders as ADD/ADHD, with millions now medicated in schools.
80 percent of high school dropouts are male.
Males make up fewer than 40 percent of college students (Gurian, 2001).

11. What can we do?

12. 1. Teachers increase the use of graphics, pictures, and storyboards in literacy-related classes and assignments.
When teachers use pictures and graphics more often (even well into high school), boys write with more detail, retain more information, and get better grades on written work across the curriculum.

13. 2. Classroom methodology includes project-based education in which the teacher facilitates hands-on, kinesthetic learning. 
The more learning is project-driven and kinesthetic, the more boys' bodies will be engaged in learning—causing more information to be retained, remembered, and displayed on tests and assignments.

14. 3. Teachers provide competitive learning opportunities, even while holding to cooperative learning frameworks.
Competitive learning includes classroom debates, content-related games, and goal-oriented activities; these are often essential for boy-learning and highly useful for the life success of girls, too.

15. 4. Classroom curricula include skills training in time, homework, and classroom management.
In order to feel competent, engaged, and motivated, many boys need help learning how to do homework, follow directions, and succeed in school and life; classrooms are the primary place these boys come for that training.

16. 5. Approximately 50 percent of reading and writing choices in a classroom are left up to the students themselves.
Regularly including nontraditional materials, such as graphic novels, magazines, and comic books, increases boys' engagement in reading and improves both creative and expository writing.

17. Teachers move around their classrooms as they teach.
The instructors' physical movement increases boys' engagement, and includes the teacher leading students in physical "brain breaks"—quick, one-minute brain-awakening activities—that keep boys' minds engaged.

18. 7. Students are allowed to move around as needed in classrooms, and they are taught how to practice self-discipline in their movement.
This strategy is especially useful when male students are reading or writing—when certain boys twitch, tap their feet, stand up, or pace, they are often learning better than if they sit still, but teachers are often not trained in innovating toward more movement

19. 8. Male mentoring systems permeate the school culture, including use of parent-mentors, male teachers, vertical mentoring (e.g., high school students mentoring elementary students), and male peer mentoring.
By 16, vocationally oriented boys (and girls) need schools and communities to provide access to jobs and mentors through which students can master a trade.

20. 9. Teachers use boys-only (and girls-only) group work and discussion groups in core classes such as language arts, math, science, and technology.
Some boys and girls who do not flourish in the busyness or social distraction of coed classes get a chance to flourish in new ways in single-sex groupings.

21. 10. Teachers and counselors provide skill building for sensitive boys (approximately 20 percent of males fall somewhere on the "sensitive boy" spectrum), and special education classes are taught by teachers trained in how to teach boys specifically.
This is crucial because approximately 70 percent of learning-disabled students nationwide are boys.

22. CAN WE DO THIS?
YES WE CAN!

23. Michael gurian The Gurian Institute

24. Bestselling Books:The Wonder of Boys: What Parents, Mentors and Educators Can Do to Shape Boys into Exceptional Men, The Minds of Boys: Saving Our Sons From Falling Behind in School and Life, Boys and Girls Learn Differently! A Guide for Teachers and Parents.

25. Session 2:
Session 4:

26. Resources November 2004 | Volume 62 | Number 3
Closing Achievement Gaps Pages 21-26
Issue Table of Contents | Read Article Abstract
With Boys and Girls in Mind
Michael Gurian and Kathy Stevens
Michael Gurian is the author of Boys and Girls Learn Differently and The Mind of Boys and founder of the Gurian Institute. Kathy Stevens is training director of the Gurian Institute, author of Strategies for Teaching Boys and Girls, and coauthor of The Mind of Boys.