1. Decline and Fall of the Yuan Dynasty – Part 2
HIST 1016
11/3/14

2. Integration of China Are the North and South the same?
Integration of Song military and elite
Rebellions of Song soldiers
: Ch’en Kuei-lung
20,000 rebel troops executed
1284: Rebellion in
Kuang-tung
Only 10,000 rebels
Fukien: 100,000 Mongols
needed to put down revolt
1289: Banning bows and
arrows
Memorial to resistance to Yuan Dynasty in
Kuang-tung Province

3. Economic Integration Southern grain and Northern cities
Grand Canal vs. Pacific coast
Chu Ch’ing and Chang Hsüan: Pirates and grain merchants
Wealthiest men in southeast
China
Floods and typhoons
destroy business
Sangha: Tibetan Buddhist
minister
Champions Grand Canal
Requires 135 mile extension

4. The Three Villainous Ministers
Ahmad (d. 1282)
Lu Shih-Jung
Fiscal administrator
Hired by Ahmed, meets same resistance
Split Secretariat with An-t’ung
Accused of profiteering and cronyism
1285 – dismissed and executed

5. The Three Villainous Ministers
Sangha (Sang-ko)
Tibetan Buddhist
1275 – Bureau of Tibetan
and Buddhist Affairs
1282 – fills vacuum left by
Ahmad
Advances non-Chinese in
government
Yang Lien-chen-chia: Buddhist
monk employed by Sangha
Looting of Song tombs
Construction of Buddhist
monasteries and temples
Bailin Temple

6. The Three Villainous Ministers
Sangha
Accusations of cronyism,
bribery
Registering people on
Buddhist monasteries
Gifts of concubines
Desecration of Song tombs
Was he a Buddhist missionary?
Real or Chinese dislike of
foreign minister
1291 – stripped of rank and
executed
Buddhist stupa in Ta-tu

7. Religious Conflict Anti-Muslim policies Buddhists and Taoists
Muslim rivals to the West
1280 – forbid halal butchery,
capital offense
Forbid circumcision
1287 – Muslim merchants not
coming to China
Reversal of policies
Buddhists and Taoists
Old rivalries re-emerge in the
south
1281 – violation of restrictions of
1258
Ban majority of Taoist literature
Yuan mosque in Jinan

8. Domestic problems? Try a foreign war!
1275 & 1279 – Japan executes Khubilai’s envoys
1281 – second invasion of Japan
Successful landing, but slow progress
Fighting within ranks
Half of forces drown in typhoon
Remainder slaughtered on land
– plan for third invasion
Mongols no longer invincible

9. Expansion Attempts
: Campaigns in Burma to defend tributary states
1281: Campaigns to demand tribute from Champa (southern Vietnam)
Triggers attacks from
Annam (northern Vietnam)
Mountains, forests, and
guerrilla warfare
1285: Mongols chased out
of Vietnam
Relief of Champa warriors

10. Expansion Attempts 1286-1287: Campaign in Vietnam
Force tribute from Champa and Annam
Annual visits to Ta-tu
1287 – force tribute from Burma
: Campaign
in Java
Mongols tricked by
false surrender
Expensive campaigns with
little reward
14th century temple in Java

11. Rebellion in Tibet Rivalries between Buddhist sects
Rivalries between civil
administrator (dpon-chen) and
Imperial Preceptor at Ta-tu
(‘Phags-pa lama)
1280 – ‘Phags-pa lama dies
1281 – replaced with nephew,
Dharmapalaraksita
Is the Imperial Preceptor too
Mongol
‘Phags-pa lama

12. Rebellion in Tibet Sa-skya (pro-Khubilai) vs. ‘Bri-gung Buddhists
‘Bri-gung organize rebellion with Khaidu of the Chaghatai
1285 – War
between Tibetan
sects
By 1290 –
‘Bri-gung pacified
‘Bri-gung monastery

13. Rebellion in Manchuria
Nayan: Mongol
Nestorian Christian
Has Khubilai gone too soft?
Coordinated with Khaidu
1287 – Khubilai (72 years
old) leads campaign against
Nayan
Nayan captured and executed
in Mongol fashion
Continued harassment from
Khaidu

14. Royal Household 1281 – Chabi dies Empress Nambi takes
on more authority
1285 – Crown Prince
Chen-chin dies
Other sons are brought
up in different cultures
Khubilai becomes depressed,
alcoholic
1294 – Khubilai dies
Khurlitai recognizes grandson
Temür (r )
Temür

15. Yuan Empire After Khubilai
Easy succession to Temür
Make amends with
Western Mongols and
Vietnam
Economic decline
Buyantu Khan
(r ) – Promotes
Chinese culture
Return of civil service
exams

16. Yuan Empire After Khubilai
Conflict between steppe
Mongols and sinicized
Mongols
Gegeen Khan (r ) –
Assassinated
Power shifts to steppe
– Civil war
between brothers Tugh Temür
and Khoshila

17. The White Lotus and Red Turban Rebellion
“Middle Kingdom” vs. “barbarians”
White Lotus Buddhism – millenarian beliefs, Maitreya Buddha and the return of Han Chinese rule
Recruit among anti-Mongol activists
1340’s – natural
disasters, flooding of
the Yellow River, and
famine
The Red Turban Army –
White Lotus Buddhists
organize to resist Mongols

18. The Red Turban Rebellion
“The empire is in utter chaos. Maitreya Buddha has incarnated, and the Manichaean King of Light has appeared in the world.”
Zhu Yuanzhang – Buddhist
monk turned Red Turban leader
1356 – Conquest of Nanjing,
establishment of capital
Split of Red Turban factions –
Ming
1368 – Ming conquer Beijing

19. Ming Dynasty (r )

20. Legacies of Khubilai Khan
His empire was
spectacular, but short
lived
Mongol political legacies
Timurids (r ):
Central Asia and Iran
Mughals (r ):
India
Chinggisid over Toluid
Multiple faces from multiple
empires

21. Marco Polo and Khubilai Khan
Marco Polo’s Travels and
the wealth of the East
Xanadu and the luxurious
pleasure dome
Encourage trade and
exploration
Guide to Christopher
Columbus
Two trajectories of Mongol
memories
Violence (Chinggis Khan and Timur)
Wealth (Khubilai Khan)

22. Genghis Khan in Pop Culture

23. The American Khubilai Khan

24. Xanadu in Pop Culture