1. Corn kernel activity

2. 3/27 ATB What carries your genetic code? Today: Look over tests
Start new chapter!

3. Chapter 11 Review What are autosomes? What does diploid mean?
What is the difference between the cells produced in mitosis and meiosis?
What is the purpose of mitosis
How many sex chromosomes do you have?
How many sex cells do you have?
What is the purpose of meiosis?
What is crossing over?
What are homologous chromosomes?

4. 3/28 ATB What type of plant did Mendel use in his experiments? Today:
Show me your completed page 2 and 3 of your note packet
First 15 minutes…complete the book assignment on page 3 of your note packet
Rest of class…start the new chapter on genetics

5. Genetics

6. What is genetics? Scientific study of heredity
Helps us understand what makes organisms unique

7. Brief History Gregor Mendel – Austrian monk
One of 1st to study heredity
Heredity - Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
– studied pea plants
Trait – genetically determined form of a characteristic
Examples: Yellow color, pea shape (shriveled or round)

8. True Breeding
What does it mean that Mendeal had peas that were “true breeding”?
plants that, when self pollinated, always produce the same traits

9. Pollination Fertilization – Self-Pollination – Describe a trait
When a male and female sex gametes fuse.
Self-Pollination –
when pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same plant
Describe a trait
Specific characteristic of an individual
Examples: Seed color or plant height

10. Pollination – Cross-Pollination –
when pollen is transferred from the anther of a flower to the stigma
Cross-Pollination –
when pollen is transferred to the stigma of a different plant

11. Genes and Alleles P generation – parent generation
F1 Generation – 1st “filial” generation – offspring of the P generation (means son / daughter)
F2 Generation – 2nd “filial” generation – offspring of the F1 generation
What are genes?
Factors that determine an individuals characteristics
Alleles – various forms of a trait
Allele for pea pod color – G = green and g = yellow

12. Dominant and Recessive Alleles
What does the Principle of Dominance State?
Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
Dominant – alleles that are always expressed (mask recessive)
Recessive – alleles that are masked by dominant alleles
Example: Pea pod color
G = green pods
g = yellow pods
What will these offspring look like? GG gg Gg

13. Segregation Segregation of Alleles
Alleles for height segregate (or separate) during gamete formation
What are gametes?
Sex cells
This is saying that during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete only carries one allele for each gene
So a sex cell can’t carry the 2 alleles for being tall

14. ASSIGNMENT: Page 312 Complete #1all, 2a and b.

16. Terms

20. A protein in a cell membrane changed its shape to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients. Which molecule was MOST LIKELY use by the protein as an energy source
A) ATP
B) ADP
C) catalase
D) amylase
Today:
Monohybrid cross perfection
Go over tests
4/18 ATB

23. 3/31 What does true breeding mean? Today: Review genetics
Start punnett squares

24. Section 11.2 – Applying Mendel’s Principles

25. Probability What is probability? Likelihood that an event will occur.
Cup game and probability!

26. Heterozygous – Homozygous – Genotype – Phenotype –
when alleles for a trait are different (Gg)
Homozygous –
when alleles for a trait are the same (GG or gg)
Genotype –
genetic make up (Gg)
Phenotype –
organisms appearance (Green)

27. Monohybrid Cross – Punnett Square –
when you make a cross for only one trait
Example:
Trait = pod color
Cross: Yellow Pod x Green Pod
Punnett Square –
diagram used to show results of crosses

28. Monohybrid Cross Practice
T = tall t = short R = round r = wrinkled
W = white w = purple
1. Cross the following: TT x tt.
What is the genotype ratio?
What is the phenotype ratio?

29. 2. Cross a heterozygous round plant with another heterozygous round plant.
What is the genotypic ratio?
What is the phenotypic ratio?

30. 3. Cross a heterozygous white plant with a purple plant
What is the genotypic ratio?
What is the phenotypic ratio?

31. 4/19 ATB
Make a punnett square to complete the following cross. T = tall t = short
Cross a heterozygous plant with a short plant. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?
Today:
Finish discussion on monohybrid crosses
Today is the last day we will really focus on the monohybrid crosses

32. Worksheet pages You must complete by the end of the period:
Pg – homework

33. 4/22 ATB
What is the phenotypic ratio of a cross of two heterozygous plants?
Today:
Go over worksheets from Friday
Homework: Page
Discuss incomplete dominance / codominance
Test – Thursday

35. Test Cross – Cross done to find the genotype of an organism
Cross the unknown with a homozygous recessive

36. Law of segregation –
Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation
So when we’re making our sex cells, the alleles (for forms of a trait) separate and are inherited independently (so a male pollen grain may have the allele for being green OR being yellow)

38. Law of Segregation –
alleles from parents separate during gamete formation
A) Copy of gene separates – so each sex cell only receives one copy
(So a parent with GG donates “G” to one gamete and the other “G” another.)

39. Law of Segregation

40. Law of Independent assortment –
Genes for different traits are transmitted independently of one another
Means that different traits are not inherited together.

44. Dihybrid Crosses Dihybrid Cross – when you make a cross for two traits
Example:
Pod color AND plant height
Flower color AND pod shape.
Cross: Tall, Yellow Plant x Short, Green Plant

46. Cross a short, purple plant with a homozygous tall, heterozygous white plant. What is the phenotypic / genotypic ratios?

47. Dihybrid Cross Practice
T = tall t = short W = white w = purple
Cross a heterozygous tall, white plant with another heterozygous tall, white plant. What is the phenotypic / genotypic ratios?

48. Dihybrid cross practice
Bottom of page 13
Page 26

51. Section 11.3 – Other Patterns of Inheritance

52. Incomplete Dominance –
When one allele is not complete dominant over another
Flower: Red x White = Pink

53. Codominance – Phenotypes of both alleles are clearly expressed
Example:
Red flower x white flower = red / white flower

55. 4/23 ATB Give an example of codominance Today:
Turn in page 28 and 29 from the packet
Finish the notes
Complete a dihybrid cross.
Test Friday / Study guide Friday
When do you want your study guides?

56. Multiple Alleles – Any gene with more than two alleles for the trait
Example –
Blood type is caused by 3 different alleles (type of codominance occurs)
What are the various blood types in humans?

57. Blood type – Practice Cross
Cross a person who is has AB blood with a person who has type O blood.
What blood type will their offspring be?
Cross a person with iAi with another individual that has iAiB. What are the possible blood types of their offspring?

58. Polygenic Traits – Traits controlled by two or more genes “many genes”
Skin color in humans is a polygenic trait

59. 4/24 ATB
Create all the allele combinations for the following plant: GgWW (you should always have 4)
Today:
Finish discussing dihybrid crosses
Describe meiosis
Get study guides (try to have them done by tomorrow to ask questions)
Test Friday / Study guide due Friday

62. MEIOSIS

63. Review: What is a haplid cell? What is a diploid cell?
Cells with only one copy of chromosomes (sex cells)
What is a diploid cell?
Cells with two copies of chromosomes (body cells)
What is the process that creates new body cells?
Mitosis
The cells produced by mitosis are genetically _____________.
identical

64. Meiosis – Process of generating sex cells (haploid cells, 1n)
Number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes.

65. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

66. Crossing over –
When homologous chromosomes line up they sometimes exchange genetic material
This is why sex cells are genetically unique from all other cells.

68. The End

69. 4/25 ATB
What does the process of meiosis create? Are these cells identical or different from one another?
Today:
Review the chapter
Questions from the study guide?
Period 8 – turn in page 28 and 29 (put you name on both sheets)
Test / Study guide -- FRIDAY

70. Test Review What does homozygous mean? Give an example.
What does heterozygous mean? Give an example.
What is a test cross?
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
In a monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a homozygous recessive parent, what would the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
A black chicken and a white chicken have an offspring with black and white feathers. What type of inheritance is this?
If a trait occurs in 600 offspring out of 1,200. What is the % chance that an individual will have this trait?

71. Another practice dihybrid
Cross a heterozygous tall, heterozygous green plant with a short, heterozygous green plant
T = tall t = short G = green g= yellow
Phenotypic ratio = ____________

72. 4/26 ATB
TEST!
Turn in your study guides
Start on #151 on the scantron

74. 5-14 TEST! Any last questions?
Get out your review sheets – turn them in
You may write on the test…use a pencil on the scantron