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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
Eleventh Edition Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton Lecture Presentation by Deborah A. Hutchinson Seattle University © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Learning Outcomes 8-1 Identify the bones that form the pectoral girdles, their functions, and their surface features. 8-2 Identify the bones of the upper limbs, their functions, and their surface features. 8-3 Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle, their functions, and their surface features. 8-4 Identify the bones of the lower limbs, their functions, and their surface features. 8-5 Summarize sex differences and age-related changes in the human skeleton. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
Includes 60 percent of bones in the body Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes Bones of limbs Supporting bone girdles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2).
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 AXIAL SKELETON 80 Clavicle 2 Pectoral girdles 4 Scapula 2 Humerus 2 Upper limbs 60 Radius 2 Ulna 2 The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of each type or within each category. ATLAS: Plates 1a,b Carpal bones 16 Metacarpals 10 Phalanges 28 Pelvic girdle 2 Hip bone 2 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Femur 2 Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14
Figure 8–1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2). Femur 2 Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14 Metatarsals 10 The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of each type or within each category. ATLAS: Plates 1a,b Phalanges 28 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle Pelvic girdle Consists of two hip bones
Also called coxal bones or pelvic bones Attaches to lower limbs Strong to bear body weight and provide mobility Part of the pelvis Each hip bone consists of three fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubis © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle Acetabulum
Socket on lateral surface of each hip bone Lunate surface articulates with head of femur Meeting point of ilium, ischium, and pubis Acetabular notch A gap in the ridge that forms margins of acetabulum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–7a The Right Hip Bone.
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Gluteal Lines Iliac crest Anterior Inferior Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum The left and right hip bones make up the pelvic girdle. Acetabular notch Greater sciatic notch Pubis Ischial spine Superior pubic ramus Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Pubic tubercle Inferior pubic ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus a Right hip bone, lateral views © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle Ilium Greater sciatic notch For sciatic nerve
Arcuate line Continuous with pectineal line Iliac crest Upper brim Iliac fossa Depression between iliac crest and arcuate line © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle Ischium Ischial spine
Superior to lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Posterior projection you sit on Ischial ramus Meets inferior pubic ramus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle Pubis Inferior pubic ramus Superior pubic ramus
Pectineal line is a ridge on anterior, superior surface Pubic symphysis Where pubic bones attach to a pad of fibrocartilage Obturator foramen Space encircled by ischial and pubic rami Closed by collagen fibers that attach hip muscles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–7a The Right Hip Bone.
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Gluteal Lines Iliac crest Anterior Inferior Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum The left and right hip bones make up the pelvic girdle. Acetabular notch Greater sciatic notch Pubis Ischial spine Superior pubic ramus Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Pubic tubercle Inferior pubic ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus a Right hip bone, lateral views © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–7b The Right Hip Bone.
Ilium ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Pubis Ischium Iliac crest Auricular surface for articulation with sacrum Anterior superior iliac spine Iliac fossa Iliac tuberosity Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine The left and right hip bones make up the pelvic girdle. Greater sciatic notch Arcuate line Pubis Ischial spine Superior pubic ramus Lesser sciatic notch Pectineal line Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity Inferior pubic ramus Ischial ramus Location of pubic symphysis b Right hip bone, medial views © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle Pelvis Consists of two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx
Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae Sacro-iliac joints Where auricular surfaces of ilia articulate with sacrum Stabilized by ligaments arising at iliac tuberosity © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–8a The Pelvis of an Adult Male.
Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Hip bone Ischium Lumbar disc Iliac crest L5 Iliac fossa Sacro-iliac joint Ilium Arcuate line Sacrum Look back at Figure 7–22, p. 235, for a detailed view of the sacrum and coccyx. Pubis Acetabulum Pubic symphysis Pubic tubercle Ischium Obturator foramen a Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–8b The Pelvis of an Adult Male.
Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Hip bone Ischium Iliac crest L5 Sacral foramina Posterior superior iliac spine Sacrum Greater sciatic notch Look back at Figure 7–22, p. 235, for a detailed view of the sacrum and coccyx.) Posterior inferior iliac spine Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Coccyx b Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle Bones of the pelvis enclose the pelvic cavity
True pelvis Inferior to pelvic brim Encloses pelvic inlet False pelvis Superior to pelvic brim © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle Pelvic outlet
The opening bounded by coccyx, ischial tuberosities, and inferior border of pubic symphysis Fetus passes through during childbirth Perineum Surface region bordered by inferior edges of pelvis Perineal muscles Form floor of pelvic cavity Support organs in true pelvis © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–9a Divisions of the Pelvis.
False pelvis Pelvic outlet Pelvic brim Pelvic inlet a Superior view. The pelvic brim,pelvic inlet, and pelvic outlet. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–9b Divisions of the Pelvis.
False pelvis Pelvic inlet Pelvic brim True pelvis Pelvic outlet b Lateral view. The boundaries of the true (lesser) pelvis (shown in purple) and the (false) greater pelvis. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–9c Divisions of the Pelvis.
Pelvic outlet Ischial spine c Inferior view. The limits of the pelvic outlet. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pelvic Girdle Comparing the male and female pelvis Female pelvis
Broader, smoother, and lighter Less-prominent markings Shallower iliac fossa Wider pelvic outlet Triangular obturator foramen © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–14 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 1 of 4).
MALE SKULL FEMALE Heavier, rougher General Appearance Lighter, smoother About 10% larger Cranium About 10% smaller More sloping Forehead More vertical Larger Sinuses Smaller Larger Teeth Smaller ATLAS: Plates 32; 75a–d; 77 Larger, squarer, more robust Smaller, narrower, less robust Mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–14 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 2 of 4).
PELVIS Narrower, rougher, more robust General appearance Broader, smoother, less robust More vertical; extends further superior to sacro-iliac joint Less vertical; less extension superior to sacral articulation Ilium Long, narrow triangle with pronounced sacral curvature Broad, short triangle with less sacral curvature Sacrum Deeper Iliac fossa Shallower Narrower, Heart shaped Open, circular shaped Pelvic inlet Narrow Pelvic outlet Wide Points anteriorly Points inferiorly Coccyx Directed laterally Faces slightly anteriorly ATLAS: Plates 32; 75a–d; 77 Acetabulum Oval Obturator foramen Triangular Less than 90º Pubic angle 100º or more OTHER Bone mass and density Greater Lesser More prominent Bone markings Less prominent © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Functions of the lower limbs Weight bearing Movement
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Bones of the lower limbs Femur (in thigh)
Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (in leg) Tarsal bones Metatarsals Phalanges Leg = distal portion of limb (from knee to ankle) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Femur Longest, heaviest bone in body Head (epiphysis)
Articulates with hip bone at acetabulum Attaches with ligament at fovea capitis Neck Joins shaft at an angle of about 125 degrees © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Femur Greater and lesser trochanters
Large, rough projections at junction of neck and shaft For tendon attachments Intertrochanteric line On anterior surface Marks edge of articular capsule Intertrochanteric crest On posterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Femur Linea aspera
Ridge along center of posterior surface of shaft Attaches hip muscles Divides into two ridges that continue to epicondyles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Femur Medial and lateral epicondyles
Projections above knee joint Medial and lateral condyles Rounded surfaces that form part of knee joint Separated by intercondylar fossa posteriorly Separated by patellar surface anteriorly and inferiorly © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–10 Bone Markings on the Right Femur.
Neck Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Pectineal line Linea aspera Shaft Lateral supracondylar ridge ATLAS: Plates 32; 75a–d; 77 Medial supracondylar ridge Patellar surface Adductor tubercle Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle a Anterior surface b Posterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Patella (kneecap) Large sesamoid bone
Forms within tendon of quadriceps femoris Quadriceps tendon attaches near base Patellar ligament attaches apex to tibia © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–11a The Right Patella and Patella with Femur.
Base of patella Attachment area for quadriceps tendon Attachment area for patellar ligament Apex of patella a Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–11b The Right Patella and Patella with Femur.
Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Articular surface of patella b Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–11c The Right Patella and Patella with Femur.
Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle of femur Medial condyle of femur c Inferior view of right femur and patella © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Bones of the leg Tibia and fibula
Bound together by interosseous membrane © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Tibia (shinbone)
Large, medial, weight-bearing bone of leg Medial and lateral tibial condyles Articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur Separated by intercondylar eminence Tibial tuberosity On anterior surface Attaches patellar ligament © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Tibia Anterior margin
Ridge that extends distally from tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Medial projection at ankle © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Fibula Small, lateral bone of leg
Head articulates with tibia At lateral tibial condyle No articulation with femur Attaches muscles of feet and toes Lateral malleolus Lateral projection at ankle © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–12a The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Head of fibula Superior tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior margin Tibia ATLAS: Plates 32; 80a,b; 83a,b Fibula Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Inferior articular surface a Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–12b The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Intercondylar eminence Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Articular surface of lateral tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Lateral tibial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula ATLAS: Plates 32; 80a,b; 83a,b Inferior tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) b Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–12c The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Anterior margin Tibia Fibula Interosseous membrane ATLAS: Plates 32; 80a,b; 83a,b c Transverse section of tibia and fibula, inferior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Ankle (tarsus) consists of seven tarsal bones Talus
Transfers weight from tibia across trochlea Calcaneus (heel bone) Largest tarsal bone Transfers weight from talus to ground Attaches calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) Cuboid Articulates with calcaneus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Seven tarsal bones Navicular
Articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid and cuneiform bones articulate with metatarsals © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–13a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Tarsal bones Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial V IV III II I Metatarsals ATLAS: Plates 32; 85a; 86a,c; 87a–c; 88 Phalanges Hallux Proximal Proximal phalanx Middle Distal phalanx Distal a Superior view, right foot © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Metatarsals Five long bones of foot
Numbered I–V, medial to lateral Articulate with proximal phalanges © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Phalanges 14 bones of the toes Hallux (great toe)
Has two phalanges (proximal, distal) Each of the other four toes Has three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–13a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Tarsal bones Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial V IV III II I Metatarsals ATLAS: Plates 32; 85a; 86a,c; 87a–c; 88 Phalanges Hallux Proximal Proximal phalanx Middle Distal phalanx Distal a Superior view, right foot © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–13b Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Talus Cuboid Navicular Cuneiform bones Metatarsals Phalanges Calcaneus ATLAS: Plates 32; 85a; 86a,c; 87a–c; 88 b Lateral view, right foot © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Lower Limbs Arches of the foot
Transfer weight from one part of foot to another Longitudinal arch Ties calcaneus to distal portions of metatarsals Transverse arch The difference in curvature from one side of foot to the other © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–13c Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Medial cuneiform bone Navicular Talus Metatarsals Phalanges Calcaneus ATLAS: Plates 32; 85a; 86a,c; 87a–c; 88 Medial part of longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral part of longitudinal arch c Medial view, right foot © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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