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Ciliates Dinoflagettes Euglenoids Diatoms
Protista Ciliates Dinoflagettes Euglenoids Diatoms
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Ciliates Phylum – Ciliphora 8000 estimated speicies 8 classes
Prostomatea Litostomatea Karyorelictida Spirotrichea Phyllopharyngea Passophorea Oligohymenophora Colodea
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Important Stuff Surface Called the Pellicle
Flexible. The ciliate is able to change shape Covered in Cilia Latin for “eyelash” Hair-like Fused into sheet-like membranes Used to sweep in food Thick bundles called Cirri Used to walk through nerve-like endings Neurofibrils
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Nuclei Two Macronucleus Micronucleus Routine cellular function
Divides by splitting in two Micronucleus Contains chromosomes Divides by mitosis
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Vacuoles Food Vacuoles Contractile Vacuole Enzymes break down food
Regulate water levels Collect water, then sqeenze Star shaped Each point in a collection tube Only freshwater ciliates have them
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Food Heterotrophs Mouth Pore To the Gullet Can't make own food
Swept through by oral cilia To the Gullet Food vacuoles are made here Enzymes help break down food
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Reproduction Usually asexual Conjunction
Eventually die out after 700 generations Conjunction Attach at mouth pore Form a bridge between cells Macronuclei disintegrates Exchanged through bridge Micronuclei divides by meiosis
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Dinoflagellates Phylum - Dinoflagellata Means “whirling flagella”
Roughly 2,100 species
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Photosynthesis About half are photosynthetic
Make own food using sunlight Food source for others Others feed on other protists or diatoms Noctiulca is large enough to eat fish eggs
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Bioluminescense Produce own light Chemcial reaction
Luciferin is oxidized by ATP, Oxygen, and Luciferase Brighten when agitated First seen in Noctiluca
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Flagella Clusters of protein strands
One lies in a groove called the Sulcus Beats back and forth to propel One lies in a groove called the Cingulum Allows to turn and maneuver
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Armor Covering is called the Amphiesma
Flattened vesicles in between two membranes Contain Thecal Plates Two main regions 2-100 plates in each region Edges overlap and slid as the cell grows Ridges or Crests Some crests are hallow House bacteria Provide nitrogen
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Organelles Nucleus Trichocysts Fills half the volume of the cell
chromosomes attach to the nuclear membrane Membrane doesn't break down when it divides Microtubules permeate the nucleus Coordinate the segregation of chromosomes Condense during mitosis and interphase Unwind for DNA Replication Trichocysts Defense mechanis
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Eyespots Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates have them
Light sensitive organells Lipid droplets in layers of membranes Carotenoids Compounds that allow the dinoflagellate to detect the direction of light Ocellus Complex structure Uses a lens to focus on an image Rare species have this
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Reproduction Asexual reproduction Red Tide Neurotoxin Produced
Reproduce quickly and in great numbers More than 20 million dinoflagellates per liter or sea water Water appears to have a red color Neurotoxin Produced Most common is Saxitoxin Brevitoxin is another
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More On Toxins Saxitoxin Brevitoxin 100,000x more potent than cocaine
Normally found in Protogonyaulax Catenella Gessnerium Monilatum Affects muscle function PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) Death from respitory failure Brevitoxin Kills fish Humans eat the fish, resulting in human poisoning Ciguatera NSP (Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning) Rule of thumb: Only eat Shellfish during months with an “R”
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Euglenoids Phylum Euglenophyta Over 1,000 species
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Reproduction Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is unheard of in euglenoids Reproduce through Mitosis and Cytokinesis The nucleus undergoes mitosis Order of Operations Flagella root system replicates first Feeding apparatus second Pellicle last
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Flagella Just like those seen in Dinoflagellates
Most Euglenoids have two flagella Tetreutreptia has four Photosynthetic Euglenoids One flagella emerges, the other does not Very short and hidden inside the Flagellum Pocket
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Pellicle Cell surface Arranged with ridges and grooves in strips
Up and down, or in spirals Spiral euglenoids are capable of Metaboly A kind of wiggling motion that allows them to scoot by changing shape
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Parts Chloroplasts Eyespot / Stigma Nucleus Supposedly aquired
Endosymbiosis of a green algal cell Eyespot / Stigma Carotenoids Detect the direction and intensity of light Nucleus Near the center of the cell Nucleolus or multiple nucleoli
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Diatoms Phylum 11,000 species Found: Bacillariophyta Oceans Lakes
Ponds Streams WATER!!
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Photosynthesis Diatoms are photosynthetic Use Carbon Fixation
Food producers Use Carbon Fixation Convert carbon dioxide and water to light energy Major source of atmospheric oxygen 20 – 25% of oxygen comes from them
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Skeletons One line down the middle that allows the cell to split
Two Parts Called Valves Hypotheca Epivalve Overlaps the hypotheca Act like the lid of a box Highly perforated so things can go in and out
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Different Types Centrale Diatoms Pennale Diatoms
Radially symmetrical from a central point Round, with the same pattern all around Pennale Diatoms Bilateral symmetry (split down the middle) Slit called the Raphe Creates Mucilage Attach to things to allow movement by gliding Domoic Acid Absorbed in mussels and makes them unsafe to eat A domoic crazed seagull is said to be the inspiration behind The Birds
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Reproduction Sexual – only during times of stress Asexual
During cell division, eggs or sperm are made Fertilization Free-swimming sperm finds eggs inside a female cell Auxospore The cell grows Test Secretion The cell returns to asexual mode Asexual Cell division Get smaller with each division
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Review Ciliates Dinoflagellates Euglenoids Diatoms
Asexual or sexual reproduction Cilia to move around Two nuclei Dinoflagellates Red Tide Two flagella Bioluminescense Euglenoids Asexual reproduction One short flagella Metaboly movement Diatoms Sexual reproduction during stressful times Huge producers of oxygen Intricate skeletons
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Sources http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/dinoflagellata.html
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