1. Intermediate Vision After Presbyopia Correction
Authors: Santos E; Villada JR; Tendero J.; Lledó C.

2. in better intermediate vision
Purpose:
Correcting presbyopia to the level achieved in Europe would reduce the burden to US $1.390 billion (0.002% of global GDP)
Presbyopia is an age-related eye condition where one of the signs is the reduction in the amplitude of accommodation, resulting in the loss of ability to change the eye’s focus from far to near. It is the most common age-related ailments affecting everyone around their mid- 40s. There were an estimated billion cases of presbyopia worldwide in Of these, one-third of cases were among working-age people aged 40 or 45 years (depending on the age If all those people aged <65 years are assumed to be productive, the potential productivity loss would be US $ billion or 0.037% of global GDP of onset in the applicable country) to 49 years, and a further 41% were aged 50 to 64 years. .. Correcting presbyopia to the level achieved in Europe would reduce the burden to US $1.390 billion (0.002% of global GDP)
The correction of presbyopia without resorting to spectacles and contact lenses remains the Holy Grail for refractive surgeons as well as the billions of patients with presbyopia
Numerous accommodative and pseudoaccommodative approaches to treat presbyopia surgically exist. Each has its own benefits and limitations, and may involve some degree of compromise between the distance and near visual acuities. Accommodative approaches attempt to restore the true, dynamic and continuous range of the defocusing ability of the eye. Pseudoaccommodative approaches provide functional near vision from a variety of non-accommodative factors.
To determine which is the best method of presbyopia correction resulting in better intermediate vision
The correction of presbyopia without resorting to spectacles and contact lenses remains the Holy Grail for refractive surgeons as well as the billions of patients with presbyopia.
Numerous accommodative and pseudoaccommodative approaches to treat presbyopia surgically exist.
Each has its own benefits and limitations, and may involve some degree of compromise between the distance and near visual acuities
Purpose:
To determine which is the best method of presbyopia correction resulting
in better intermediate vision

3. Distance – dominant zone Large near – dominant zone
Materials & methods:
All patients undergoing presbyopia correction in our institution were included in the study between October and February
Patients were corrected with one of these methods:
Diffractive IOLs:
Trifocal IOL:
Monovision LASIK:
ReSTOR Group Group2 one eye+3 & +2,5 in the other
Acrilisa Group ,75
FineVision Group ,75 & +1,75
Distance – dominant zone
Near zone
Refractive zone
Numerous accommodative and pseudoaccommodative approaches to treat presbyopia surgically exist. Each has its own benefits and limitations, and may involve some degree of compromise between the distance and near visual acuities. Accommodative approaches attempt to restore the true, dynamic and continuous range of the defocusing ability of the eye. Pseudoaccommodative approaches provide functional near vision from a variety of non-accommodative factors.
This prospective single-center study comprised of presbyopia patients who underwent monovision LASIK or routine phacoemulsification with three IOL models implantation between the period October 2009 and February 2012 at Clínica Baviera, Albacete, España. Patients with either incipient or moderate cataract causing a significant reduction in visual qualities were included in the study.
Presence of ocular pathology other than cataract, previous intraocular surgery, and significant corneal aberrations were exclusion criteria.
The sample eyes were divided into four groups: Group 1 eyes received diffractive IOLs with AcrySof IQ ReSTOR +3,00 D and Group 2 combination of ReStor +3 in one eye and ReStor +2,5 in the other
These are based on the principle of diffraction, whereby light slows down and changes direction when it encounters an obstacle. These lenses use microscopic steps (diffractive zones) across the lens surface. As light encounters these steps, it is directed towards the distant and near focal points (the amount of light is directly related to the step height as a proportion of wavelength).
The AcrySof® IQ ReSTOR® +3.0 D IOL features a unique apodized structure engineered to send optimal light to near and distance focal points for ideal performance and efficient light energy management: 3.6 mm diameter central diffractive región “Pupil Adaptive” design precisely allocates light to the retina more like the natural human eye Precise reduction in step heights from microns for gradual energy blend between powers
In 2012 the AcrySof IQ ReSTOR +2.5 D lens received Conformité Européenne (CE) mark and became available in Europe. This lens was lowered of the add power from 3.0 D to 2.5 D, measured at the IOL plane, moving the patient’s reading distance out from about 40 cm to about 50 cm.
Group 3 eyes received diffractive IOLs with Acri.Lisa It is a single piece, aspheric bifocal biconvex refractive-diffractive IOL. The optic diameter is of 6,00 mm, and the overall diameter is 11,00 mm. The surface is divided into main zones and phase zones asume the function of the steps of diffractive power of the main zones. The IOL power responsable for the distance ision is refractive and diffractive at the same time. The two focal points are created by phase zones on the anterior surface of the IOL. The near visión add of this lens is +3,75 D over the distance power. The technical details of this lens can be found in chapter: “Multifocal intraocular lens types and models”
Gropu 4 with FineVision: Multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is a popular presbyopia-correcting strategy to reduce dependence on reading spectacles by providing adequate vision over a range of distances included one focus for de intermediate visión.
The FineVision trifocal diffractive IOL combines two diffractive structures that are adjusted to offer D addition for near vision and D addition for intermediate vision Its design is such that the loss of light energy characteristic of diffractive systems is reduced. This energy gain significantly improves intermediate vision while maintaining performance for far and near vision.
The last group, eyes received Monovision with an excimer laser. It is a well- established technique that corrects one eye for distance vision (usually dominant eye) and the other eye for near vision, resulting in intentional anisometropia. This aim is to give functional near and distant VAs without the need for glasses. The mechanism that enables monovision to succeed is interocular blur suppression. The dominant eye is treated for distance vision to almost plano and the non- dominant eye is corrected to be slightly myopic for near vision to −1.5 D.
Apodized zone
Large near – dominant zone
Group 5
The non-dominant eye is corrected for near vision to -1,5 D

4. Inclusion criteria: presbyopia correction + Intermediate – near: 65 cm
Materials & methods:
Inclusion criteria: presbyopia correction +
Either incipient or moderate cataract.
Without cataract .
Group 1 - 4:
Multifocal IOLs
Group 5:
Monovision LASIK
Age: 43 to 73 years old
Spherical Equivalent: -11 to 8,75
Age: 41 to 59 years old.
Spherical Equivalent: -4,25 to 1,5
Intermediate vision was measured with a specially designed: logarithmic chart at 65 cm (intermediate-near) and 95 cm (intermediate-far) at 6 months postoperatively.
The study protocol was approved by the Clinica Baviera review board and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
To qualify for the study, it was required that patients had been diagnosed with presbyopia. Patients with either incipient or moderate cataract causing a significant reduction in visual qualities were included in the study in group 1 to 4. The patients had no other ocular disease, and had not undergone prior ocular surgery. Subjects were included if they were 43 to 73 years old, had expressed a desire to be independent of spectacles and their presurgery refraction was a spherical equivalent from -11 to 8,75. Patients of group 5 had presbyopia without cataract, they were 41 to 59 years old and their presurgery refraction as spherical equivalent from -4,25 to 1,5.
Intermediate vision was measured with a specially designed logarithmic chart at 65 cm (intermediate-near) and 95 cm (intermediate-far) at 6 months postoperatively.
Intermediate – near: 65 cm
Intermediate – far: 95 cm

5. The best logMAR vision at intermediate near (65 cm) and far (95 cm) was achieved by laser monovision (mean 0,12 and 0,10) followed by FineVision Trifocal (mean 0,16 and 0,13) and Combination of ReStor +3 and +2,5 (mean 0,28 and 0,26).

6. Significant differences:
Results:
SURGERY
MEAN 0,65
MEAN 0,95
SD 0,65
SD 0,95
LISA
0,28
0,26
0,0696
0,0776
ReSTOR +3 0, 0,
0,2088
ReSTOR +2,5 & +3
0,285 0,
0,1129 0,
FineVision
0,1625
0,13375
0,1631
0,073375
Mono
0,12875
0,10625
0,170375
0,086175
Significant differences:
Significant differences were detected between diffractive IOLs or combination of ReSTOR, and FineVision at intermediate near vision (p=0,003< 0.01), and between diffractive IOLs and Laser Monovision (p=0,006<0,01) at intermediate far vision.
No significant differences were found between diffractive IOLs and combination of ReSTOR (p=0,84).
No significant differences were observed between FineVision and Laser Monovision (p=0,29)
Significant differences were detected between diffractive IOLs or combination of ReSTOR, and FineVision at intermediate near vision (p=0,003) and between diffractive IOLs and Laser monovision (p=0,006) at intermediate far vision. No significant differences were found between diffractive IOLs and combination of ReSTOR (p=0,84) No significant differences were observed between FineVision and Laser Monovision (p=0,29)

7. Conclusions:
Both, the implantation of Fine Vision Trifocal and laser correction with monovision, provide excellent results in near and far intermediate vision.
Fine Vision Trifocal is the best choice for patients who want a definitive solution to the visual demand with either or incipient cataract.
Laser Monovision is the best choice for youngest patients who want simpler solution and know they will need intraocular surgery in the future.
Both, the implantation of Fine Vision Trifocal and laser correction with monovision, provide excellent results in near and far intermediate vision
Fine Vision Trifocal is the best choice for patients who want a definitive solution to the visual demand with either or incipient cataract.
Laser Monovision is the best choice for youngest patients who want simpler solution and know they will need intraocular surgery in the future.

8. Bibliography:
Kevin D. Frick, PhD; Susan M. Joy, MA; David A. Wilson, The Global Burden of Potential Productivity Loss from Uncorrected Presbyopia. American Academy of Ophthalmology 2015; 122:
Mengmeng W., Christine Carole C. Corpuz, Megumi F. and Minoru T. Visual and Optical Performances of Multifocal Intraocular Lenses with Three Different Near Additions: 6-Month Follow-Up The Open Ophthalmology Journal, 2015, 9, 1-7
Daniel Carson Warren E. Xin H Mutlu K. Optical bench performance of AcrySof® IQ ReSTOR®, AT LISA® tri, and FineVision® intraocular lenses Clinial Ophthalmology 2014:8 2105:2113
Kjell G.; Richard P. Comparative visual performance with monofocal and multifocal intraocular lenses; Clinical Ophthalmology 2013:
Kevin D. Frick, PhD; Susan M. Joy, MA; David A. Wilson, The Global Burden of Potential Productivity Loss from Uncorrected Presbyopia. American Academy of Ophthalmology 2015; 122:
Kjell G.; Richard P. Comparative visual performance with monofocal and multifocal intraocular lenses; Clinical Ophthalmology 2013:
Mengmeng W., Christine Carole C. Corpuz, Megumi F. and Minoru T. Visual and Optical Performances of Multifocal Intraocular Lenses with Three Different Near Additions: 6-Month Follow-Up The Open Ophthalmology Journal, 2015, 9, 1-7
Daniel Carson Warren E. Xin H Mutlu K. Optical bench performance of AcrySof® IQ ReSTOR®, AT LISA® tri, and FineVision® intraocular lenses Clinial Ophthalmology 2014:8 2105:2113