1. Section 1: Tools of Astronomy
Radiation emitted or reflected by distant objects allows scientists to study the universe. K
What I Know W
What I Want to Find Out L
What I Learned

2. Essential Questions What is electromagnetic radiation?
How do telescopes work?
How does space exploration help scientists learn about the universe?
Tools of Astronomy
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3. Vocabulary Review New refraction electromagnetic spectrum
refracting telescope
reflecting telescope
interferometry
Tools of Astronomy
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4. Radiation
The radiation from bodies throughout the universe that scientists study is called electromagnetic radiation.
This includes visible light, infrared and ultraviolet radiation, radio waves, microwaves, X rays, and gamma rays.
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Tools of Astronomy

5. Radiation
The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to wavelength and frequency.
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Tools of Astronomy

6. Add link to Virtual Lab from ConnectED here.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
Virtual Lab
FPO
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Tools of Astronomy
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7. Radiation Wavelength and frequency
Electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength, the distance between peaks on a wave, and frequency, the number of waves or oscillations that pass a given point per second.
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Tools of Astronomy

8. Radiation Wavelength and frequency
Frequency is related to wavelength by the mathematical relationship c = λf, where c is the speed of light (3.0 × 108 m/s), λ is the wavelength, and f is the frequency.
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Tools of Astronomy

9. Telescopes
Telescopes provide the ability to observe wavelengths beyond what the human eye can detect. They collect electromagnetic radiation from distant objects and focus it so that an image of the object can be recorded.
Telescopes can also collect light over periods of minutes or hours.
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Tools of Astronomy

10. Telescopes Refracting and reflecting telescopes
Refracting telescopes use lenses to focus visible light.
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Tools of Astronomy

11. Telescopes Refracting and reflecting telescopes
Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to focus visible light.
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Tools of Astronomy

12. Telescopes Telescopes using non-visible wavelengths
For all telescopes, the goal is to bring as much electromagnetic radiation as possible into focus.
Infrared and ultraviolet radiation can be focused by mirrors in a way similar to that used for visible light.
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Tools of Astronomy

13. Telescopes Telescopes using non-visible wavelengths
X rays cannot be focused by normal mirrors, and thus special designs must be used.
Gamma rays cannot be focused, so telescopes designed to detect this type of radiation can determine only the direction from which the rays come.
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Tools of Astronomy

14. Telescopes Telescopes using non-visible wavelengths
A radio telescope collects the longer wavelengths of radio waves with a large dish antenna and reflects them to a point above the dish. There, a receiver converts the radio waves into electric signals that can be stored in a computer for analysis.
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Tools of Astronomy

15. Telescopes Telescopes using non-visible wavelengths
The data collected from radio telescopes are converted into visual images by a computer. The image resolution can be improved using interferometry, a process that links separate telescopes so they act as one telescope, producing more detailed images as the distance between the telescopes increases.
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Tools of Astronomy

16. Space-Based Astronomy
Space-based telescopes allow astronomers to study radiation that would be blurred by our atmosphere.
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Tools of Astronomy

17. Space-Based Astronomy
Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope was designed to obtain sharp visible-light images without atmospheric interference and to make observations in infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths.
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Tools of Astronomy

18. Add link to Interactive Table from p. 768 here.
Orbiting Telescopes
Concepts In Motion
FPO
Add link to Interactive Table from p. 768 here.
Tools of Astronomy
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19. Space-Based Astronomy
Spacecraft
Spacecraft make observations from above Earth’s atmosphere and can also be sent directly to the bodies being observed.
Robotic probes are spacecraft that can make close-up observations and sometimes land to collect information directly.
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Tools of Astronomy

20. Space-Based Astronomy
Human spaceflight
The most recent human studies have been accomplished with the space shuttle program between 1981 and 2011.
The space shuttle provides an environment for scientists to study the effects of weightlessness on humans, plants, the growth of crystals, and other phenomena.
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Tools of Astronomy

21. Space-Based Astronomy
Spinoff technology
Many technologies that were originally developed for use in space programs are now used by people around the world. More than different NASA technologies, such as memory foam, have been passed on to commercial industries for common use; these are called spinoffs.
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Tools of Astronomy

22. Review Essential Questions Vocabulary
What is electromagnetic radiation?
How do telescopes work?
How does space exploration help scientists learn about the universe?
Vocabulary
electromagnetic spectrum
refracting telescope
reflecting telescope
interferometry
Tools of Astronomy
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education