1. Nationalism in Indo-China
Prepared by: Amrita Saluja

2. INTRODUCTION
Indo - China is a small peninsula in South-East Asia. It consists of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.

3. Vietnam and China- the link
Vietnam was under the shadow of Chinese empire.
(i)  Vietnam followed the Chinese system of government and Chinese culture.
(ii) Chinese language was the language of the educated Vietnamese people. They followed Chinese system of education.
(iii) Confucianism, a Chinese religion, had many followers in Vietnam.
(iv) Vietnam was connected to Maritime silk route

4. ENTRY OF FRANCE
The French troops reached Vietnam in They defeated China in a war and got control over Tonkin and Annam. In 1887, the French Indo-China was formed

5. EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM
ECONOMIC DOMINATION
RESHAPING VIETNAMESE CULTURE
MILITARY DOMINATION
RESULTED IN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

6. IRRIGATION AND EARTHWORKS Transportation to improve trade
ECONOMIC DOMINATION
IRRIGATION AND EARTHWORKS
Rubber plantation and rice cultivation encouraged.
irrigation canals built.
INFRASTRUCTURE WORKS
roads and railway lines built. For example:- Trans Indo-China railway route.
Transportation to improve trade

7. THEORY OF PAUL BERNARD Aim of colonies is to develop the economies
Standard of living of the people of that colony would increase
They would be in position to buy more goods
The market would expand
BARRIERS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH
High population
Low agricultural productivity
Excessive indebtedness amongst peasants

8. DILEMMA OF EDUCATION HOW MUCH IS ENOUGH
TO HAVE EDUCATED LABOUR FORCE
TO ‘CIVILISE PEOPLE’
MIGHT OPPOSE AND REBEL AGAINST FRENCH
MIGHT LOSE THEIR JOBS TO THEM

9. BUT WHAT ABOUT THE MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION?
DILEMMA OF EDUCATION
BUT WHAT ABOUT THE MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION?
French as the medium of education would help in spreading western culture and civilisation.
Vietnamese should be the medium in the lower classes and French in the higher classes.
Those who learn French and adopt French culture could be given French citizenship.
Finally, the rich were allowed to study in French schools and poor in the Vietnamese schools.   

10. DRAWBACKS OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
The government followed the policy of deliberately failing the students.
Education was limited to the rich people.
The textbooks glorified the French rule and culture and degraded Vietnamese culture

11. THINK MODERN, TALK MODERN, LOOK MODERN!!
TONKIN FREE SCHOOL
It was started in 1907 to provide western education.
Science, hygiene and French were taught along with the other subjects.
The school encouraged students to adopt western style of living. Students had to cut their hair short.
THINK MODERN, TALK MODERN, LOOK MODERN!!

12. OPPOSITION BY TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
Students organised a movement against the Saigon Native Girls schools which expelled a student.
Formed political parties like Party of Young Annan and published a journal called Annanese Student.
Thus, schools became an important place for political and cultural battles.
Nearly 300 students of Vietnam went to Japan to get modern education.
Aim to overthrow the French rule with the help of Japan.
Set up Restoration Society in Tokyo.
GO EAST!!!

13. HEALTH AND HYGIENE
French wanted to create Modern Vietnam (using latest skills )
They decided to rebuild Hanoi
In 1903, Hanoi was struck by Bubonic Plague.

14. HEALTH AND HYGIENE- Problem
Hanoi
French part
Beautiful city
Well- laid out system
But it became a breeding ground for rats
Native Part
No modern facilities
Refuse drained straight into rivers

15. Rat Hunt 1902- Rat hunt started Hired Vietnamese workers to catch rats
Resulted in Collective Bargaining (workers decided to work together and demand higher wage)
Some started raising rats to earn a bounty
Finally the bounty programme was scrapped off.

16. Religion and Anti-colonialism
Religion played an important role in strengthening colonial control.
Religion, also, provided ways of resistance

17. Religion and Anti-colonialism
Religions
Confucianism (elites)
Buddhism (locals)
Local practices (locals)
Christianity
Forced by French; intolerant of this easy going attitude and beliefs in supernatural

18. REVOLT 1868- Scholars Revolt Led by- officials at Imperial Court
Location- Ha Tien
Opposed the spread of Catholicism and French power
French crushed it.
1939- Hoa Hao Movement
Founder- Hyunh Phu So
Location- Mekong Delta Area
Drew on religious ideas popular in anti-French uprisings

19. Hyunh Phu So Founder of Hoa Hao Movement
Performed miracles and helped the poor.
Criticized against useless expenditure.
opposed sale of girl child, gambling and use of alcohol and opium.
French declared him mad- MAD BONZE.
HYUNH Phu So was sent to Lao and his followers to concentration camps.

20. Vision of Modernisation
Two schools of Thought
Need to strengthen Vietnamese Traditions
Learn from west even while opposing foreign domination.

21. TWO SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT- VISION OF MODERNISATION
Learn from west
Strengthen Vietnamese traditions
Led by Phan Boi Chau
Saw their culture and world crumbling.
Formed Revolutionary Society in (Prince Cuong De was head)
Influenced by Chinese reformers.
Led by Phan Chu Trinh
Hostile to monarchy
Wanted to establish democratic republic
Accepted French ideas of liberty and wanted the french to work for development of Vietnam.

22. Other ways of becoming modern: Japan and China
‘GO EAST’ movement
Japan had modernised itself and resisted colonization by the West.
Defeated Russia in 1907 and proved its military excellence.
After 1908, Japan Ministry of Interior deported Phan Boi Chau and they had to exile in China and Thailand
China also inspired the Vietnamese nationalists.
The monarchy was overthrown and republic was set up in 1911 in China.
Vietnamese students organised the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam.

23. The Communist Movement and Vietnamese Nationalism
Impact of The Great Depression of 1930
Prices of rubber and rice fell
Rural debts increased
Unemployment rose
Electrical fuse- Nghe An and Ha Tinh- under the pressure, they will blow.

24. The Communist Movement and Vietnamese Nationalism
Ho Chi Minh established Vietnamese Communist Party (later renamed as Indo-Chinese Communist Party) in Feb 1930
1940- Japan occupied Vietnam .
Vietminh was formed to fight Japanese .
Vietminh recaptured Hanoi in Sept 1945.
Democratic Republic of Vietnam formed- Ho Chi Minh chairman

25. The New Republic of Vietnam
French tried to regain control using Bao Dai as their puppet.
General Henry Navarre , Supreme French Commander of French armies declared they would be victorious.
But Vietminh defeated French in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
There was a peace negotiation in Geneva- Vietnam divided into two parts

26. North Vietnam vs South Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh and Communists took control.
Helped NLF to fight Diem’s rule and work for the unification of the country.
Bao Dai’s regime which was then overthrown by Ngo Dinh Diem
A repressive and authoritarian govt.
National Liberation Front formed opposing this dictatorial rule.

27. THE ENTRY OF US INTO THE WAR
The US policy planners feared that the victory of the Ho Chi Minh government would start a domino effect and many communist govt would come into existence.
From 1965 to 1972, over 3,403,100 US personnel served in Vietnam
US had advantage over Vietnam in terms of technology and medical supplies.
But they underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action and fight the most technologically advanced country in the world.

28. THE ENTRY OF US INTO THE WAR
The phase of struggle with the US was brutal. HOW?
Used heavy weapons and bombs-B52s
Chemical weapons such as Napalm and Agent Orange were used which proved to be very dangerous.
Even the people of US did not support the war. The poor sections of US society were forced to be part of the war while the rich were allowed to continue with their education.
Even US media played an important role in both criticizing and supporting the war- Green Berets (supported war) and Apocalypse Now (critised war)

29. The Ho Chi Minh Trail
The trail was of high importance in Vietnam’s war against US.
Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighboring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnam.
The trail used to transport men and materials from the north to south.
It had support bases and hospitals along the way.
They had porters (especially women) to carry medical supplies.
The trail symbolizes how the Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage. The US tried their best to disrupt but failed

30. Role of Women against the anti-imperialist movement in Vietnam
Role of Women against the anti-imperialist movement in Vietnam. (see if you can compare this with the role of women in India)

31. ROLE OF WOMEN Women as Rebels Greater equality than China
No role in public life.
New image emerged during nationalist movement.
Nhat Linh wrote a novel showing women rebelling against social norms. (kind of Indulekha)
Heroes of Past Times
Trung sisters and their struggle against Chinese domination in CE.- Phan Boi Chau wrote a play and glorified them.
Trieu An went to jungles, organised a large army to fight against Chinese in 3rd century.- became a sacred figure
Women during war
Women used to shoot down planes.
Also represented as workers.
Shown with rifle in one hand and hammer in other.
Nursed the wounded, constructed underground rooms, built airstrips
Women in times of Peace
Image as workers became predominate.
Started working in factories.

32. THE END OF WAR US failed to crush the Vietnamese resistance.
It has been called as the first television war.
Finally a peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974.
Fighting between the Saigon Regime and NLF continued.
NLF occupied the presidential palace in Saigon on 30th April 1975 and unified Vietnam.