1. KS3 Physics
8I Heating and Cooling

2. 8I Heating and Cooling Heat and temperature Conduction and convection
Contents
8I Heating and Cooling
Heat and temperature
Conduction and convection
Radiation
Changes of state and evaporation
Summary activities

3. What is heat? Heat is a type of energy.
Heat is the name for the type of kinetic energy possessed by particles.
Heat energy is measured in joules (J).
How many joules are there in a kilojoule (kJ)?
If something gains a lot of heat energy, it becomes hot
– so what is temperature?

4. What is temperature?
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
(It is not the total amount of energy contained in the object.)
Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (ºC).
The freezing point of water is defined as 0ºC (at 1 atm.).
The boiling point of water is defined as 100ºC (at 1 atm.).
Temperature can be measured by a variety of different thermometers. These include liquid in glass, digital, thermocouple and bimetal strip thermometers.

5. HOT COLD Heat transfer 1. conduction 2. convection 3. evaporation
The correct phrase for heat transfer is ‘thermal transfer’.
Heat energy can be transferred (moved) by four processes:
1. conduction
2. convection
3. evaporation
4. radiation
In each process, thermal energy is also transferred in the way:
HOT COLD
Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference.

6. The particle model
The differences between solids, liquids and gases can be explained by the particle model:
All substances are made up of particles (atoms, ions or molecules).
These particles are attracted to each other, some strongly and others weakly.
These particles move around (i.e. have kinetic energy).
The kinetic energy of particles increases with temperature.

7. Temperature and energy
What happens to the gas as the temperature increases? Would this be the same for solids and liquids?
The piston can be dragged however the gas particles WILL NOT move the piston if the temperature is increased.

8. 8I Heating and Cooling Heat and temperature Conduction and convection
Contents
8I Heating and Cooling
Heat and temperature
Conduction and convection
Radiation
Changes of state and evaporation
Summary activities

9. Conduction experiment
Conduction of heat in different materials can be investigated in an experiment.
Apparatus: 8 cm strip of copper
8 cm piece of wood
Bunsen burner
stopwatch
blob of wax
Take care whilst doing this experiment:
Wear safety glasses.
Do not touch mot metal objects!
Wash any burn with cold water for ten minutes.

10. Conduction experiment
Add a blob of wax to one end of the copper and hold the other end in the yellow Bunsen flame.
How long does it take for the wax to melt and drop off the metal strip?
Now do the same for wood.
Why are the times very different?

11. Conduction in metals Metals are good conductors of heat because:
Metals have atoms inside them and lots of free electrons.
The free electrons can move around and vibrate.
The heat energy is passed on by neighbouring particles vibrating along the metal.

12. Conduction – compare a metal and a non-metal
Which material feels warmer if you touch a piece of wood and a piece copper metal, both at room temperature
(i.e. both at 25ºC)?
The wood feels warmer because it is a poor conductor.
It cannot conduct heat away from your hand as quickly as
the copper which is a good conductor.

13. Conduction in non-metals
Non-metals are poor conductors of heat.
In a non-metal, heat energy is only passed on by neighbouring particles vibrating along the non-metal (no free electrons).
This allows a flow of energy from hot to cold.

14. Conduction in liquids 100ºC 0ºC
Metals are good conductors of heat and non-metals are poor conductors of heat (insulators).
Are liquids good at conducting heat?
Use some gauze to hold an ice cube at the bottom of a tube of water.
100ºC
Carefully heat the water at the top of the tube only, until this water is boiling.
0ºC
If the liquid is good at conducting, the ice should quickly melt – it doesn’t.
Liquids are poor conductors of heat (i.e. good insulators).

15. Conduction in gases
Liquids are poor conductors of heat (good insulators).
Are gases good at conducting heat?
Carefully hold a safety match 1 cm away from a Bunsen burner flame. (Do not put the match in the flame!)
If a gas is a good conductor, the air between the flame and the match should conduct heat and light the match – it doesn’t.
Gases are poor conductors of heat (i.e. good insulators).

16. Conduction – summary table

17. Convection and density
To understand how heat can be transferred by convection, the idea of density is important.
If water, oil and air are mixed up, they will settle out in order of density – which one will rise to the top?
The air is least dense and rises to the top, the water is the most dense and sinks to the bottom – it depends on how far apart the particles are.

18. Convection current in a liquid
The movement of hotter areas in a liquid can be seen using potassium permanganate as a dye:
This cycle is called a convection current.
heat
heat
Can you explain how the convection current moves using the idea of density?

19. Convection current in a gas
Convection currents cannot occur in solids because the particles are held in fixed positions – but can they occur in gases?
Place a candle at one side of a litre beaker.
Place a piece of card down the centre, leaving a gap of 2cm at the bottom.
Make some smoke with smouldering spills and
watch the path of the smoke.
Can you explain why this happens?

20. Convection currents in coal mines
When shaft mining was first used to mine coal, convection currents caused by an underground fire were used to ventilate the shafts:
Why do you think miners don’t use this method anymore?

21. Convection currents in a pan of boiling water

22. 8I Heating and Cooling Heat and temperature Conduction and convection
Contents
8I Heating and Cooling
Heat and temperature
Conduction and convection
Radiation
Changes of state and evaporation
Summary activities

23. Radiation Heat can move by travelling as infrared waves.
These are electromagnetic waves, like light waves, but with a longer wavelength.
This means that infrared waves act like light waves:
They can travel through a vacuum.
They travel at 300,000,000 m/s.
They can be reflected.
They cannot travel through opaque materials.

24. Radiation experiment – instructions
Paint four thermometer bulbs with the following colours:
black white silver red
Place each thermometer into very hot water for one minute.
Take it out of the water, start the stopwatch and read the temperature.
Read the temperature every 30 seconds and record the results in a table.

25. Radiation experiment – results table
white
Which colour of the thermometer bulb radiated most heat?

26. Radiation experiment – results analysis
Either:
a) Draw a bar chart of your results.
Put temperature change on the y axis and colour on the x axis.
Or:
b) Draw a line graph of your results.
Put temperature on the y axis and time on the x axis.
Draw four lines on the graph, one for each colour.

27. Radiation investigation
A cup of tea takes up to 30 minutes to go cold.
This depends on the colour and shape of the cup.
Design an investigation to find out the best shape and colour of a cup to keep tea warm for longer.

28. Glossary
conduction – The way that heat energy travels through solids because their particles are close together.
conductor – A material that allows heat energy to flow through it.
convection – The way that heat energy travels through liquids and gases because their particles are free to move.
heat – A form of energy, measured in joules (J).
heating – The transfer of heat energy.
insulator – A material that does not allow heat energy to flow through it.
radiation – The transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves, and which does not need a medium.
temperature – How hot or cold an object is, measured in degrees Celsius (°C).

29. Anagrams

30. Heat transfer questions
1. How does a cup of tea lose heat by conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation?
2. Why does take-away food often come in aluminium containers?
3. Why do elephants have big ears?

31. Heat transfer – energy losses
Name the three processes that cause energy to be lost from the home.
Which areas of the house lose energy?
What can be done to prevent this energy loss?

32. Multiple-choice quiz