1. Morgan Moritz, Noah Zhang, Shelleigh Harris, Palmer Moats
Chapter 13
Part A
Morgan Moritz, Noah Zhang, Shelleigh Harris, Palmer Moats

2. Chromosomes
Chromosomes- A structure made up of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus, carries genetic information in your body
There are 46 Chromosomes in a somatic cell
Each chromosome consist of thousands
of genes which make up who you are
Two types of cells

3. Somatic Cells
Somatic cells- All cells but your reproductive cells (gamete cells)
Types of somatic cells
Skin
Liver
Blood cells
Tissue
Lung
Mussle
Somatic cells have 46 chromosomes where gamete cells only have 23 because gamete cells take half of the genetic information

4. Gamete Cells (Reproductive Cells)
Definition- Transmit genes from one generation to another reproductive cell
Your gamete cells only have 23 chromosomes which is half
Only have half because during fertilization the sperm and egg cell will combine to get 46 total chromosomes

5. Sex Chromosomes vs. Autosomes
Sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that determine the individual's sex, a female is XX and a male is XY. There are only 2 sex chromosomes in each human cell.
Autosomes are all the other chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes. They can be used to determine many different traits. There are 44 autosomes in each human cell.

6. Karyotype
A karyotype is a display of condensed chromosomes arranged in pairs. They are prepared from isolated somatic cells, which are treated with a drug to stimulate mitosis and then grow in culture for several days. Cells arrested in metaphase, when chromosomes are most highly condensed, are stained then viewed with a microscope equipped with a digital camera, then the images of the chromosomes are arranged into pairs according to their appearance.

7. Purpose of Karyotyping
Screen for defective chromosomes.
Find abnormal number of chromosomes associated with certain congenital disorders (Down Syndrome).
Abnormal positions of chromosome pieces.

8. Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes that make up a pair, are the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern.

9. Haploid vs. Diploid
Cells that only have one of each homologous pair are said to be haploid, a condition that is represented by n
Cells that have two of each homologous pair are said to be diploid, or 2n
Are these cells haploid or diploid?
Liver cell 2n Gamete n
Egg cell n Zygote 2n
Skin cell n Sperm n
Somatic cell n Sex cell n

10. Chromosomes
6 chromosomes
3 pairs
12 Chromatids
Diploid!

11. Meiosis
The union of gametes creates a fertilized cell, or zygote, which will have 46 chromosomes.
Gametes are the only human cell not produced by mitosis, or else the amount of chromosomes would double every time.
Instead, meiosis is a form of cell division that reduces the sets of chromosomes when producing the gametes from one to two.