1. The Struggle Intensifies
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2. Sit-Ins Challenge Segregation
CORE created the sit-in to protest segregation at lunch counters
Participants were often arrested and spent time in jail

3. The Freedom Rides
Supreme Court had expanded its ban on segregation to interstate buses and bus stations
Organized by CORE & SNCC to test a Supreme Court decision
Were met with violence
Violence intensified in Birmingham & Montgomery, AL and Jackson, MS

4. National Reactions Photographs of the violence horrified the country
Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal protection for the riders from that point on
Justice Dept. sued local communities that didn’t comply with desegregation

5. Integration at “Ole Miss”
James Meredith
African American
Air Force veteran
Applied to the University of Mississippi & was rejected
NAACP sued Ole Miss saying Meredith was rejected based on race
Supreme Court ruled in Meredith’s favor
Crowds protested and Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect Meredith and stop the revolts

6. Clash in Birmingham Birmingham’s population was 40% African American
King called it “the most segregated city in America.”
King and Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth planned boycotts of downtown stores
Birmingham police commissioner was Eugene “Bull” Connor
King was arrested and jailed
Wrote his “Letter from Birmingham Jail” to defend his tactics and timing

7. Clash in Birmingham
King decided to allow the youth in Birmingham to join in the nonviolent protests
Hundreds were arrested
Police used high-pressure fire hoses and police dogs on the demonstrators
Television brought the scenes of violence to people across the country
Americans were angered
“Bull” Connor was removed from office and desegregation was put in place
The success at Birmingham proved the effectiveness of nonviolent protest