1. ** Capitalist Revolution
“2nd Industrial Revolution” & “The Gilded Age”
1860s
1870
1890
1900
** Capitalist Revolution
Important things to understand about this era in U.S. History:
** Time of Individualism
Legislation developing the West: Homestead Act, Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Act
1870’s and 1880’s - Settling the Plains
1860’s and 1870’s - “Rise of Big Business” – Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Morgan, Rockefeller, etc.
1870’s to 1890’s - American Politics / an Age of Corruption & the Political Urban Machine

2. Henry George
Has Industrialization Produced More Benefits or More Problems for the Nation?

3. Rise in Recreation Opportunities
Ashley

4. Benefits from Electricity
The average work week declines:
69.7 hours per week in 1860 (includes farming)
61.7 hours in 1890
54.9 hours in ** Eventually, more recreation & longer days of activity!!
Reasons:
Electrically powered assembly line
More consistent form of energy & lighting
Multiple working shifts

5. Rise of Popular Entertainment
People divide their time between “work and going home” and “going out.”
Amusement Parks
Vaudeville and ragtime
“Saloon Culture”
New York’s Coney Island

6. Urban Planning
- Creating “havens” in the middle of busy cities to improve “live-ability.”
Frederick Law Olmsted created New York’s Central Park
Daniel Burnham created Chicago’s Navy Pier

7. More Leisure and Snacks
- Susan B. Anthony once said, …
“I think bicycling has done more to emancipate the woman than anything else in the world … it gives women a feeling of freedom and self-reliance.”
- Bicycle becomes safer …
- Tennis arrives to America in 1874 …
- Hershey’s Chocolate Bar …
- Coca-Cola …
Swift Safety Bicycle

8. Revolution in Printing
- Revolution in printing led to an increase in literacy to 90%
- Various advances in printing …
- Linotype
- Paper from pulp
- Printing on both sides of paper
- Increased proliferation of various print media …
- Mass circulation of newspapers … Pulitzer vs.
Linotype Machine
Randolph Hearst

9. A New “Mass” or “Popular” American Culture
** Why A Popular, Mass Culture? **
Mark
Twain …
Ashley

10. Why A Popular, Mass Culture?
- (1) Greater Urban culture
- Greater concentration of people
- (2) Less work-time
- The average work week declines:
hours per week in 1860 (includes farming)
hours in 1890
hours in 1910
- (4) Rise of Marketing / Advertising
- (5) More Discretionary Income
* GNP per capita * Percentage of Income on Food
$ %
$ %
$1, %
- (3) Mandatory Public Education
- (6) Greater Publishing

11. Expanding Public Education
- What were the major changes to public education between 1865 and 1895?

12. Expanding Public Education (continued)
- Making school mandatory …
- Between 1865 and 1895, states passed laws requiring 12 to 16 weeks of school attendance between the ages of 8 and 14.
- Kindergartens increase in number from 200 in 1880 to 3,000 in 1900.

13. Expanding Public Education (continued)
- Loyal to the capitalist system …
- Prepared for work in the industrial era, with the following practices:
- (1) Regimentation …
- (2) Carnegie units …

14. Expanding Public Education (continued)
- Curriculum changes to include …
- And vocational subjects …
- “Americanization” of immigrants…