1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

5. 5

6. 6

7. 7

8. - 8

9. Drifting grating stimulus9

10. 10

11. A Null-Response is indicative of inhibition11 11

12. 12

13. 13

14. Detectors are so small close to the fixation point that their
responses are similar. 14

15. 15

21. Correlations

22. 3) determine motion and sound perceptions

23. Motion is correlation in time and space:

24. Motion is correlation in time and space:

25. Motion is correlation in time and space:
This point is on at time t
This point is on at time t + t
We see motion when two neighbouring spatial positions are stimulated with a temporal delay.
First, however, we will do
this with spikes (by hand)
before we come back to this
example !

32. Motion is correlation in time and space:
This point is on at time t
This point is on at time t + t
We see motion when two neighbouring spatial positions are stimulated with a temporal delay.

33. Motion detection by correlation:
Motion is detected by comparing the responses of two photoreceptors
The signal of the first photoreceptor is delayed by - t
Then the comparison stage detects whether both signals arrive at the same time
Delay ( - t )
Compare

34. Interaural Time Difference (ITD):
Sound coming from a particular location in space reaches the two ears at different times.
From the interaural time difference the azimuth of the sound direction can be estimated.
Example:

35. Transformation of sound to spikes:
When a sound wave of a particular frequency reaches the (left) ear, a certain set of hair cells (those that encode this frequency) become excited.
These hair cells generate spikes. These spikes always appear at the same phase of the wave.
They are „phase-locked“.
The same sound wave reaches the right ear a little later. This gives a phase shift between left and right ear. Spikes are again phase-locked to the sound wave.

36. Transformation of sound to spikes:
When a sound wave of a particular frequency reaches the (left) ear, a certain set of hair cells (those that encode this frequency) become excited.
These hair cells generate spikes. These spikes always appear at the same phase of the wave.
They are „phase-locked“.
The same sound wave reaches the right ear a little later. This gives a phase shift between left and right ear. Spikes are again phase-locked to the sound wave.
Difference in spike times ~ sound azimuth !

37. Delay line correlator:
Each neuron receives input from both ears.
Due to the lengths of the two axons, the inputs arrive at different times.
The neuron acts as a „coincidence detector“ and only fires if two spikes arrive at the same time.
=> Each neuron encodes a specific interaural time difference.

38. Delay lines in the owl brain:
Ear -> Auditory nerve -> NM -> NL -> LS -> ICx

39. Correlation: Average over time Coincidence detection Time delay
Left spike train
Right spike train