1. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
AP Biology Chapter 19

2. Prokaryotic Natural History
Genetic Material
DNA Chromosome: plasmid
Order
Unicellular
Replication
Binary Fission
Regulation Expression
Trp operon
Lac operon

3. Eukaryotic Natural History
Genetic Material
DNA Chromosomes (linear/longer)
Order
Multicellular (220 different kinds of cells)
Replication
Mitosis (Ensures one set of DNA per cell)
Regulation
How does each cell “know” what to become

4. Eukaryotic Genome DNA (genotype)  RNA  protein (phenotype)
23 pairs of chromosomes/cell
~3,000,000,000 nitrogen bases/cell

5. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Our cells regulate every step of gene expression to ensure appropriate proteins are made in appropriate cells

6. Regulating Chromatin
Histone Acetylation: 6

7. Regulating Chromatin
Methylation: silences genes by adding methyl groups to Cytosine 7

8. Regulating Chromatin
Epigenetic inheritance: A series of proteins and other markers that attach to DNA and regulate its transcription

9. Regulating Transcription
Where RNA polymerase begins transcription 9

10. Regulating Transcription
Transcription Factors
Proteins that help RNA polymerase start transcribing DNA
Activators
Bending proteins
General transcription factors
Mediator proteins

11. Distal control
element
Activators
Promoter
Gene
DNA
Enhancer
TATA
box
General
transcription
factors
DNA-bending
protein
Group of
mediator proteins
RNA
polymerase II
RNA
polymerase II
Transcription
Initiation complex
RNA synthesis

12. Regulating After Transcription
RNA processing
A U G A U A G C G C A U
Exon
Intron 5’ 3’
Spliceosome

13. Regulating After RNA Processing
5’ GTP Cap and 3’ Poly A Tail
Protect mRNA in cytoplasm
Nuclease digests unprotected mRNA
A U G G C G C A U
GTP 5’ 3’
A A A A A A

14. Regulating After RNA Processing
microRNA, dicers, and RNA interference

15. Regulating Translation/Proteins
Regulating start codon
Proteasomes break down protein

16. http://highered. mcgraw-hill