1. Organization and control of Eukaryotic chromosomes
More complex than prokaryotes
Associated with proteins that help pack DNA
DNA of prokaryotes makes proteins, tRNA, mRNA, or are control elements
Much of eukaryotic DNA is noncoding and function unknown

4. Eukaryotic control Epigenetics
Packing by deacetylation (acetylation loosens chromatin packing) of histone and methylation of DNA
RNA polymerase may not be able to access the DNA

5. Barr bodies Imprinted genes
Some genes are silenced (by methylation) depending on if you inherited from mom or dad
Example: Ligers
Prader-Willi Syndrome- mothers genes for 7 genes on chromosome 15 are imprinted (methylated)
-deletion in this region on dad’s chromosome
Angelman Syndrome-ONE gene is paternally imprinted
-maternal deletion results in one “missing” gene

9. Transcriptional control of gene expression
Enhancers
Segments of DNA far away from gene that bind activators
Activators in turn help to bind transcription factors and initiate transcription

10. Post transcriptional control
-RNA processing
Alternative splicing
-mRNA degradation
RBC have globin mRNA that are very long lived
RNAi  RNA interference
-microRNA’s bind to complementary RNA, blocking
-Translational control
Some proteins attach to the leader region of mRNA and prevent the ribosomes from attaching

11. Post transcriptional control
Protein modification
Cutting polypeptide into segments
Adding prosthetic groups (heme group in hemoglobin)
Transport to cellular location
Selective protein degradation
Tagged with ubiquitin
Disposed of by a protease