1. The City As A System
IB SL

2. Systems A system is a simplified way of looking at how things work.
Systems generally include inputs, processes, and results.
As you already know, many aspects of geography including farming, industry, cities, coasts, and rivers have a systems approach.

3. The City System
Large cities are often considered as unsustainable because they consume huge amounts of resources and produce vast amounts of waste.
Sustainable urban development meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations.

4. Big Vs Small
Compact cities minimise the amount of distance travelled, use less space, require less infrastructure (pipes, cables, roads etc.), are easier to provide a public transport network for, and reduce urban sprawl.
But if the compact city covers too large an area it becomes congested, overcrowded, overpriced and polluted.
It then becomes unsustainable.

5. Sustainability
Reducing the use of fossil fuels and promoting public transport.
Keeping waste production to within levels that can be treated locally.
Providing sufficient green spaces.
Reusing and reclaiming land (Brownfield sites).
Encouraging active involvement of the local community.
Conservation of non-renewable resources.
Using renewable resources.

6. Sustainable Urban Management
An approach to urban management that seeks to maintain and improve the quality of life for the current and future urban dwellers.
Aspects of management may be social, economic, and environmental.

7. Sustainable Urban Development
In LEDC’s:
Use of appropriate technology, materials and design.
Acceptable minimum standards of living.
Social acceptability of projects.
Widespread public participation.

8. Dimensions Of Development
Provision of adequate shelter for all.
Improvement of human settlement management.
Sustainable land use planning and management.
Integrated provision of environmental infrastructure.
Sustainable energy and transport systems.
Settlement planning in disaster-prone areas.
Sustainable construction industry activities.
Meeting the urban health challenge.

9. Successful Local Programmes
Reducing Pollution:
The Hoy No Circula (car-free day), launched in Mexico City in 1989, saw air pollution fall by 21% in the first year.
In Cubateo, Brazil, local and national government, and some business, have combined to reduce air pollution and enforce stricter regulations.

10. Successful Local Programmes
Integrated Transport And Land Use:
Singapore’s integrated transport and land use strategy has sought to decentralise development to regional and sub-regional centres that are served by mass rapid transit (MRT).

11. Successful Local Programmes
Recycling:
In Shanghai, a wide-ranging programme was established in 1957.
It now employs 30,000 people retrieving and reselling reclaimed and recycled products, including 3600 advisors working with factories on sorting and retrieving waste.
In Curitiba, 70% of households separate recyclable rubbish, and in squatter settlements food and bus fares are exchanged for garbage.

12. Activity Using Essential AS Geography P293-295, answer the following…
Using Fig. 8.39, describe the distribution of Britains ethnic minority groups at national and country scales.
Write a statement in response to the question Does Britain Have Ghettos?