1. MacroEvolution: Large Scale Changes Over Time
Figure 25.1 What does fossil evidence say about where these dinosaurs lived?

2. Deep Sea Vents
Figure 25.2 A window to early life?

3. Protobionts May Have Formed Spontaneously
Glucose-phosphate
Glucose-phosphate
Phosphatase
Starch
Amylase
Phosphate
Maltose
Figure 25.3 Laboratory versions of protobionts
(a) Simple reproduction by
liposomes
Maltose
(b) Simple metabolism

4. Sedimentary Rock Strata -- Fossils
Present
Rhomaleosaurus victor,
a plesiosaur
Dimetrodon
100 million years ago
Casts of
ammonites
175
200
270
300
4.5 cm
Hallucigenia
375
Coccosteus cuspidatus
400
1 cm
Figure 25.4 Documenting the history of life
Dickinsonia
costata
500
525
2.5 cm
565
Stromatolites
600
Tappania, a
unicellular
eukaryote
Fossilized
stromatolite
3,500 1,500

5. 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 Radiometric Dating Accumulating “daughter” isotope
Fraction of parent isotope remaining
1/2
Remaining
“parent”
isotope
1/4
Figure 25.5 Radiometric dating
1/8
1/16 1 2 3 4
Time (half-lives)

6. Evolution of Mammals Synapsid (300 mya) Temporal fenestra Key
Articular
Dentary
Quadrate
Squamosal
Therapsid (280 mya)
Reptiles
(including
dinosaurs and birds)
Temporal
fenestra
EARLY
TETRAPODS
Dimetrodon
Early cynodont (260 mya)
Synapsids
Temporal
fenestra
Very late cynodonts
Earlier cynodonts
Therapsids
Figure 25.6 The origin of mammals
Later cynodont (220 mya)
Mammals
Very late cynodont (195 mya)

7. Geologic Record
Table 25.1

8. Geologic Time Table Humans Colonization of land Animals
Ceno-
zoic
Meso-
zoic
Humans
Paleozoic
Colonization
of land
Animals
Origin of solar system
and Earth 1 4
Proterozoic
Archaean
Prokaryotes
Figure 25.7 Clock analogy for some key events in Earth’s history
Billions of
years ago 2 3
Multicellular
eukaryotes
Single-celled
eukaryotes
Atmospheric
oxygen

9. About 2.7 billion years ago, O2 began accumulating in the atmosphere and rusting iron-rich terrestrial rocks.
Figure 25.8 Banded iron formations: evidence of oxygenic photosynthesis
For the Discovery Video Early Life, go to Animation and Video Files.

10. Invagination of Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
DNA
Ancestral
prokaryote
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Figure 25.9 A model of the origin of eukaryotes through serial endosymbiosis
Nuclear envelope

11. Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Mitochondrion Ancestral heterotrophic
Serial Endosymbiosis
Aerobic
heterotrophic
prokaryote
Mitochondrion
Ancestral
heterotrophic
eukaryote
Figure 25.9 A model of the origin of eukaryotes through serial endosymbiosis

12. Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote
Serial Endosymbiosis
Photosynthetic
prokaryote
Mitochondrion
Plastid
Figure 25.9 A model of the origin of eukaryotes through serial endosymbiosis
Ancestral photosynthetic
eukaryote

13. Endosymbiotic Sequence:
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ancestral Prokaryote
Invagination of Plasma Membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Serial Endosymbiosis:
Aerobic heterotrophic
prokaryote
Photosynthetic
prokaryote
Mitochondrion
Figure 25.9 A model of the origin of eukaryotes through serial endosymbiosis
Mitochondrion
Ancestral
heterotrophic
eukaryote
Plastid
Ancestral photosynthetic
eukaryote

14. Cambrian Explosion Sponges Cnidarians 500 Annelids Molluscs Chordates
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Brachiopods
Early
Paleozoic era
(Cambrian period)
Millions of years ago
542
Figure Appearance of selected animal phyla
Late
Proterozoic
eon

15. (a) Two-cell stage (b) Later stage 150 µm 200 µm
Proterozoic Fossils that may be animal embryos (SEM)
Figure Proterozoic fossils that may be animal embryos (SEM)
(a) Two-cell stage
(b) Later stage
150 µm
200 µm

16. Earth - Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift
North
American
Plate
Eurasian Plate
Crust
Juan de Fuca
Plate
Caribbean
Plate
Philippine
Plate
Arabian
Plate
Indian
Plate
Mantle
Cocos Plate
Pacific
Plate
South
American
Plate
Nazca
Plate
Outer
core
African
Plate
Australian
Plate
Inner
core
Figure Earth and its continental plates
Scotia Plate
Antarctic
Plate
(a) Cutaway view of Earth
(b) Major continental plates

17. History of Continental Drift
Present
Cenozoic
North America
Eurasia
65.5
Africa
South
America
India
Madagascar
Australia
Antarctica
Laurasia
135
Mesozoic
Millions of years ago
Gondwana
Figure The history of continental drift during the Phanerozoic eon
251
Pangaea
Paleozoic

18. (families per million years):
Five Big Mass Extinctions 20
800
700 15
600
500
Number of families:
(families per million years):
Total extinction rate 10
400
300 5
200
100
Figure Mass extinction and the diversity of life
Era
Period
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic E O S D C P Tr J C P N
542
488
444
416
359
299
251
200
145
65.5
Time (millions of years ago)

19. Evidence of Meteroite Impact
NORTH
AMERICA
Chicxulub
crater
Yucatán
Peninsula
Figure Trauma for Earth and its Cretaceous life
For the Discovery Video Mass Extinctions, go to Animation and Video Files.

20. World-Wide Adaptive Radiations
Ancestral
mammal
Monotremes
(5 species)
ANCESTRAL
CYNODONT
Marsupials
(324 species)
Eutherians
(placental
mammals;
5,010 species)
Figure Adaptive radiation of mammals
250
200
150
100 50
Millions of years ago

21. Hawaiian Islands -- Regional Adaptive Radiations
Close North American relative,
the tarweed Carlquistia muirii
KAUAI
5.1
million
years
MOLOKAI
1.3
million
years
Dubautia laxa
MAUI
OAHU
3.7
million
years
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
LANAI
HAWAII
0.4
million
years
Figure Adaptive radiation on the Hawaiian Islands
Dubautia waialealae
Dubautia scabra
Dubautia linearis

22. Allometric Growth Figure 25.19 Relative growth rates of body parts
Newborn 2 5 15
Adult
Age (years)
(a) Differential growth rates in a human
Figure Relative growth rates of body parts
Chimpanzee fetus
Chimpanzee adult
Human fetus
Human adult
(b) Comparison of chimpanzee and human skull growth

23. Gills Paedomorphosis - Juvenile Gills Retained by Adult Salamander
Figure Paedomorphosis

24. Hypothetical vertebrate ancestor (invertebrate)
Hox Genes Alterations
Hypothetical vertebrate
ancestor (invertebrate)
with a single Hox cluster
First Hox
duplication
Hypothetical early
vertebrates (jawless)
with two Hox clusters
Second Hox
duplication
Figure Hox mutations and the origin of vertebrates
Vertebrates (with jaws)
with four Hox clusters

25. Hox gene 6 Hox gene 7 Hox gene 8 Ubx About 400 mya Drosophila Artemia
Changes in developmental genes can result in new morphological forms
Hox gene 6
Hox gene 7
Hox gene 8
Ubx
About 400 mya
Figure Origin of the insect body plan
Drosophila
Artemia

26. Evolution: new forms arise by the slight modification of existing forms
Pigmented cells
(photoreceptors)
Pigmented
cells
Epithelium
Nerve fibers
Nerve fibers
(a) Patch of pigmented cells
(b) Eyecup
Fluid-filled cavity
Cellular
mass
(lens)
Cornea
Epithelium
Optic
nerve
Pigmented
layer (retina)
Optic nerve
(c) Pinhole camera-type eye
(d) Eye with primitive lens
Figure A range of eye complexity among molluscs
Cornea
Lens
Retina
Optic nerve
(e) Complex camera-type eye

27. Horse Evolution Figure 25.25 The branched evolution of horses Recent
(11,500 ya)
Equus
Hippidion and other genera
Pleistocene
(1.8 mya)
Nannippus
Pliohippus
Pliocene
(5.3 mya)
Hipparion
Neohipparion
Sinohippus
Megahippus
Callippus
Archaeohippus
Miocene
(23 mya)
Merychippus
Anchitherium
Hypohippus
Parahippus
Miohippus
Oligocene
(33.9 mya)
Figure The branched evolution of horses
Mesohippus
Paleotherium
Epihippus
Propalaeotherium
Eocene
(55.8 mya)
Pachynolophus
Orohippus
Key
Grazers
Hyracotherium
Browsers

28. The appearance of an evolutionary trend does not imply that there is some intrinsic drive toward a particular phenotype
1.2 bya:
First multicellular eukaryotes
535–525 mya:
Cambrian explosion
(great increase
in diversity of
animal forms)
500 mya:
Colonization
of land by
fungi, plants
and animals
2.1 bya:
First eukaryotes (single-celled)
3.5 billion years ago (bya):
First prokaryotes (single-celled)
500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
Present
Millions of years ago (mya)

29. You should now be able to:
Define radiometric dating, serial endosymbiosis, Pangaea, snowball Earth, exaptation, heterochrony, and paedomorphosis.
Describe the contributions made by Oparin, Haldane, Miller, and Urey toward understanding the origin of organic molecules.
Explain why RNA, not DNA, was likely the first genetic material.

30. Describe and suggest evidence for the major events in the history of life on Earth from Earth’s origin to 2 billion years ago.
Briefly describe the Cambrian explosion.
Explain how continental drift led to Australia’s unique flora and fauna.
Describe the mass extinctions that ended the Permian and Cretaceous periods.
Explain the function of Hox genes.