1. AP Biology Review Big Idea 2: Matter and Energy
Mr. Kuhn, Centennial High School, Roswell, GA
Big Thanks to:
David Knuffke
CHS Administration
You

2. This review is...
a way for you to get some of your questions addressed.
a way for experienced AP teachers to give you insight into content and process.
a fun way to spend an hour of your weekend!

3. This review is not...
a replacement for your teacher. Your teacher is awesome.
a replacement for your own preparation.
a solution to your learning challenges.
perfect.

4. Topics for today...
Overwhelmingly the response was about cell respiration and photosynthesis.
I will work in feedback loops and enzymes as well.
I will give you some practice with data to interpret.

5. Remember...
Content is great to know, but application of that content is expected too.
Off we go!

6. Feedback Loops
“How many feedback loops should we know? Which ones are the really important ones?”

7. Feedback Model

8. Temperature Regulation

9. Blood Sugar Regulation

10. Breastfeeding Positive Feedback

11. Role of ATP and Phosphorylation
“Where does ATP come from and what can it do?”

12. ATP has many roles... It is a nucleotide
It transfers energy as universal currency within the cell
The last phosphate can be added to other molecules and energy released.
Phosphorylation can change the shape of proteins and enzymes
Phosphorylation can activate molecules
Phosphorylation can keep glucose within the cell
Phosphorylation can propagate signals

13. Free Energy Balance
“What is the purpose of knowing whether the reaction yields a positive delta G vs. a negative delta G, in other words, why is this significant as a concept we need to understand?”

14. Free Energy Balance - Cell Respiration
Combusting 1 mol of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy. Why?
This numerical value is the difference between the energy absorbed to break bonds and the energy released to form bonds.
2878 kcal = energy needed to break glucose bonds
3564 kcal = energy needed to form CO2 and H2O
The difference is -686 kcal
This much energy has been removed from the system.
A “downhill”, spontaneous and exergonic reaction.

15. Free Energy Balance - Cell Respiration
Forming 1 mol of glucose adds 686 kcal of energy. Why?
This numerical value is the difference between the energy absorbed to break bonds and the energy released to form bonds.
2878 kcal = energy released to form glucose bonds
3564 kcal = energy needed to break bonds of CO2 and H2O
The difference is +686 kcal
This much energy has been added to the system from the sun.
A “uphill”, non-spontaneous and endergonic reaction.

16. Cell Respiration
“How in depth do we have to know cellular respiration and photosynthesis?”

17. What I focus on... Inputs and outputs.
The main metaphor or theme of the stage.
How biology fits into these big pathways.
How can we break it and then discuss the effect of breaking it?

24. “How many coenzymes (ATP, NADPH, FADH2,NADPH) are produced or used during glycolysis, kreb cycle, ETC, light reactions, and Calvin cycle?”

27. Cell Respiration Example
Cellular respiration includes the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, as represented in the figures. In cellular respiration, carbohydrates and other metabolites are oxidized, and the resulting energy-transfer reactions support the synthesis of ATP.
(a) Using the information above, describe ONE contribution of each of the following in ATP synthesis.
Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle
Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain
Use each of the following observations to justify the claim that glycolysis first occurred in a common ancestor of all living organisms.
Nearly all existing organisms perform glycolysis.
Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis occurs only in the cytosol.

28. Photosynthesis

31. LDR Inputs and Outputs Photosystem II - Inputs Photon energy at 680nm
Water (split by photolysis)
Protons (from stroma)
ADP+Pi
Photosystem II - Outputs
ATP (to Calvin cycle)
Oxygen (from photolysis)
Electrons (to PSI)
Photosystem I - Inputs
Photon energy at 700nm
Electrons from PSII
Protons (from stroma)
NADP+
Photosystem I - Outputs
NADPH (to Calvin Cycle)

33. Calvin Cycle - Inputs and Outputs
Stage
Input
Output
Output Destination
Fixation
3 Carbon Dioxide
3 RuBP
3 Oxygen
6 Organic Molecules
Diffuses Out of Thylakoid
Continue in Calvin Cycle
Reduction
6 ATP (from LDR)
6 NADPH
6 ADP and 6 Pi
6 NADP+
Back to LDR
Regeneration
1 PGAL (G3P)
3 ATP
5 PGAL (G3P)
3 ADP and 3 Pi
Continues in Calvin Cycle
Based on the input of 3 carbon dioxide

36. Photosynthesis Example
Salinity of soil and irrigation water is a serious problem in agriculture which can lead to severe crop losses. It is also considered an important ecological limiting factor in the freshwater and marine environment. Such changes in the salinity of water often affect the growth, metabolism and photosynthesis of phytoplanktons. Salt might can have a direct effect upon the processes involved in electron transport and/or photophosphorylation and result in a decrease in the overall efficiency of photosynthesis. NaCl treatments were applied to Chlorella vulgaris and tested both oxygen production by photolysis and ATP production by chemiosmosis in photosystem II. It was found that ATP is severely affected by salt stress in Chlorella vulgaris, however NADPH production was not affected.
Which of the product(s) would be limited from the light dependent reactions as salinity increases?
Considering the products of photosystem II of the light dependent reactions, which stage(s) of the Calvin Cycle would be most directly affected by exposure of Chlorella vulgaris to increased salinity?

37. Enzyme Reaction Rate Example

38. Enzyme Example
Alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible reaction of ethanol.
In an experiment, the initial rate at different concentrations of ethanol was recorded (no inhibition). The experiment was then repeated with the addition of a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. A third experiment using a greater concentration of the same inhibitor was performed.
1. What is the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the control reaction?
2. Determine the rate of reaction at an ethanol concentration of in the 50 mmoldm at the 1 mmoldm and 3 3 mmoldm inhibitor amounts.
3. Describe the overall effect of increasing the concentration of inhibitor on the rate of reaction.
4. What are the two types of enzyme inhibitors and how do they work?

39. Reference Figures
Cell Respiration Equation: McGraw Hill Publishing copright 2017
Photosynthesis example comes from the November 2009 SL released IB exam
Cell respiration example comes from the released 2015 AP biology free response questions
Enzyme example comes from May 2004 released SL IB exam
Ethanol Fermentation: By David Carmack (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 ( via Wikimedia Commons
Lactic Acid Fermentation: By Sjantoni (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 ( via Wikimedia Commons
Images of E. coli and mitochondria credited to Dr. David Goodsell, used with permission
Krebs Cycle: By Narayanese, WikiUserPedia, YassineMrabet, TotoBaggins [GFDL ( or CC BY-SA 3.0 ( via Wikimedia Commons
Electron Transport Chain: By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 ( via Wikimedia Commons
Mitochondrial Electron Transport: By Fvasconcellos 22:35, 9 September 2007 (UTC) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

40. Reference Figures
Photosynthesis Equation: Source: Boundless. "Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis." Boundless Biology Boundless, 26 May Retrieved 14 Apr from
Light Dependent Reactions: By Tameeria at English Wikipedia [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Calvin Cycle: By Mike Jones User: Adenosine (Own work by the original uploader) [CC BY-SA 2.5 ( via Wikimedia Commons
Images of glycolysis, cell respiration and photosynthesis are copyright of Pearson Education unless noted.