1. Leisure, tourism and sport
Option e

2. Leisure Any freely chosen activity or experience
that takes place in non-work time.

3. tourism
Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure.

4. sport
Physical activities that involve using skills in events and competitions at the local, regional, national and international scales.

5. Changing leisure patterns How human development processes give rise to leisure activities
The growth and changing purpose of leisure time for societies in different geographic and developmental contexts
The categorization of touristic activities (cost, duration, destination) and sporting activities (cost, popularity, site)
The link between economic development and participation in leisure activities
Detailed examples to illustrate recent changes in participation for two or more societies at contrasting stages of development
Factors affecting personal participation in sports and tourism, including affluence, gender, stage in lifecycle, personality, place of residence

6. Changing leisure patterns How human development processes give rise to leisure activities
The growth and changing purpose of leisure time for societies in different geographic and developmental contexts
Leisure may be defined in terms of time (free time), activities (thought of as “leisurely”) or states of mind (enjoyable, pleasurable activities).
The range of leisure activities is expanding rapidly with the development of societies to support enthusiasts. Leisure includes hobbies.
In the 18 OECD countries the largest proportion of their time is spent on personal care activities. Leisure is typically the second largest time category (22%).
Leisure time is greatest in Norway (27%) and least in Mexico (16%) Continued….

7. The growth of leisure has been facilitated by:
a reduction in the length of the working day
a reduction in the length of the working week
an increase in wages
an increase in disposable income
the growth of leisure activities
an increase in people taking early retirement
an increase in self-employment and flexitime
development in technology (such as washing machines and agricultural machinery = more leisure time) and TV and the Internet (opportunities for leisure)

8. Factors affecting the growth of tourism

9. The changing purpose of leisure time for societies in different geographic and developmental contexts:
For many people in HICs and emerging economies, having more leisure time and greater disposable income allows them to take part in more leisure activities. However, in poorer countries, and in the countries where there is political turmoil, there is less opportunity for leisure activities, and not the “state of mind” of being “at leisure”.
There is a link between income and leisure activities (particularly when it involves expensive equipment).
Men generally have more leisure time than women (for household and parenting reasons).
There are differences in culture.
As life expectancy increases universally, pursuing leisure activities in retirement becomes more important.

10. and sporting activities (cost, popularity, site)
Changing leisure patterns How human development processes give rise to leisure activities
The categorization of touristic activities (cost, duration, destination)
and sporting activities (cost, popularity, site)
Skiing holidays are expensive while beach holidays may be cheaper because less specialist equipment is needed.
Large-scale tourism is a high-density form of tourism and holidays often last for between 7 and 14 days. This type of tourism is most frequently found in coastal areas, and is usually provided as a package holiday.
In contrast, ecotourism is generally a low-impact form of tourism and is associated with nature.
Some sport are very popular such as swimming, fishing and jogging. Some are very expensive such as skiing and yachting, whereas others are cheap, such as running and football.

11. processes
The categorization of touristic activities (cost, duration, destination) and sporting activities (cost, popularity, site)

12. Changing leisure patterns How human development processes give rise to leisure activities
The link between economic development and participation in leisure activities
- Level of income. In general, having a low income means that a person is less likely to
engage in leisure activities that require significant expenditure of money, such as tourism, drinking and dining
socially.
- Car ownership has a significant impact on the type of leisure activities people engage in because personal
mobility gives access to a wider range of recreational opportunities.
- Working hours tend to be longer in poorer countries than in wealthier societies.
- Disposable income. Disposable incomes rise as an economy develops.

13. processes
Leisure time for societies in different geographic and developmental contexts

14. Economic development and participation in leisure
Level of income (LICs: Less disposable income, therefore less chance of engaging in leisure pursuits like tourism, drinking and dining, particularly if expensive equipment is involved or tourism).
Car ownership (personal mobility gives access to a wider range of recreational opportunities).
Working hours (longer in poorer countries)
Indigenous populations (leisure activities include story-telling and music).

15. Changing leisure patterns How human development processes give rise to leisure activities
Detailed examples to illustrate recent changes in participation for two or more societies at contrasting stages of development (in Kindle). vs

16. Changing leisure patterns How human development processes give rise to leisure activities
Factors affecting personal participation in sports and tourism, including affluence, gender, stage in lifecycle, personality, place of residence
Affluence
Most tourists and many participants in sport are affluent (in sporting venues, which generally charge an entry fee).
Gender
There is a relatively low participation rate of Muslim women in athletics and swimming (and these receive much criticism at home).

17. Stage in lifecycle Personality Place of residence
Younger people in wealthier countries tend to be less affluent than older people in the same countries, but they can nonetheless afford to travel. Enthusiastic and frequent tourists, low cost airlines, backpacking to exciting locations, booked by themselves online.
Families. Popular destinations include beaches and other places where outdoor activities are possible, and in the case of more affluent families, ski fields. 
Middle-aged. The main motivations for middle-aged people to travel are to shop, to go to a beach, to swim or to visit culturally different places that are considered to be safe from crime and terrorism.
Older tourists are less likely than younger travellers to make their own travel arrangements, often preferring to use travel agents. Group and package travel gives older people the confidence to travel to lesser-known destinations that offer new experiences and opportunities to learn about little-known cultures and places. Older people also travel extensively to spend time with family members.
Golf was a top ten activity for all age groups in the UK except year-olds for instance.
Personality
Some people prefer team sports while others may prefer more solitary sports such as running. Likewise, tourist destinations vary between those who prefer adventure, cultural heritage or “sun, sand and sea”.
Place of residence
Many people who live in mountainous areas ski regularly, just as those who live in a coastal area may go surfing. Many people prefer to spend their holidays in a different type of environmenta to that in which they live.

18. Tourism and sport at the local and national scale How physical and human factors shape places into sites of leisure
Human and physical factors explaining the growth of rural and urban tourism hotspots including the role of primary and secondary touristic resources
Variations in sphere of influence for different kinds of sporting and touristic facility, including neighbourhood parks and gyms, city stadiums and national parks
Factors affecting the geography of a national sports league, including the location of its hierarchy of teams and the distribution of supporters
Case study of one national sports league
Large-scale sporting, musical, cultural or religious festivals as temporary sites of leisure and their associated costs and benefits
Case study of one festival in a rural location, its site factors and geographic impacts

19. Tourism and sport at the local and national scale How physical and human factors shape places into sites of leisure
Human and physical factors explaining the growth of rural and urban tourism hotspots including the role of primary and secondary touristic resources
Hotspots are areas of intense sporting or leisure activity that attract above average numbers of visitors.
Primary tourist/recreational resources are the pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation that have not been built specifically to attract tourists, including climate, indigenous people.
These are distinguished from secondary tourist/recreational resources, which include accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping Continued…

20. For a destination to become a tourist hotspot, several factors are required, including:
Appeal
Well-known (more marketing)
Accessible (airport, public transport)
Affordable (budget airlines)
Safe (no crime, terrorism or disease)

21. Tourism and sport at the local and national scale How physical and human factors shape places into sites of leisure
Variations in sphere of influence for different kinds of sporting and touristic facility, including neighbourhood parks and gyms, city stadiums and national parks
The sphere of influence refers to the area from which a facility or an attraction draws its support.
A small playground may have a low threshold population (the minimum number of people needed to support a facility or service (like Boots at Bekkestua requires residents) and a very small range (the maximum distance people will travel to visit a facility/service), hence it will have a small sphere of influence (catchment). In contrast, a national sports stadium or a multi-purpose arena (like Oslo Spektrum) will derive its support from a much wider area.

23. Tourism and sport at the local and national scale How physical and human factors shape places into sites of leisure
Large-scale sporting, musical, cultural or religious festivals
as temporary sites of leisure and their associated costs and benefits
Large-scale sporting, musical, cultural or religious festivals have many costs but also many benefits.
Case study of one festival in a rural location, its site factors and geographic impacts
There are nine annual festivals in Voss; however, the Extreme Sports Week is a unique and hybrid festival, steadily growing with a pronounced “leave no trace” philosophy and support for simple lifestyles. It indicates attempts to demonstrate festival sustainability in practice. It has been held annually for 20 years. Continued…

24. Possible benefits
Income
Sports facilities like the wind-tunnel
Concerts
Community spirit
Tourists
Extremveko
20th anniversary in 2017
Wikipedia
Possible costs
Air pollution
Waste disposal problems
Noise pollution
Congestion
Provision of resources problems
Voss Extreme Sports Week Ranked as Best in the World
Celebration of Extreme Playfulness

25. Factors affecting the geography of a national sports league,
Tourism and sport at the local and national scale How physical and human factors shape places into sites of leisure
Factors affecting the geography of a national sports league,
including the location of its hierarchy of teams and the distribution of supporters
Most teams in the top league of their national sports derive from a wide area. Some clubs have a global following, although many of their fans can only follow their teams on television or the Internet. In contrast, lower league teams tend to have a smaller sphere of influence. They do not have the success to generate international (or even national) interest. Hence, their support is more localized. However, some fans move on to university or for a job, so the fan base may become broader.

26. Case study of one national sports league
Tourism and sport at the local and national scale How physical and human factors shape places into sites of leisure
Case study of one national sports league
The English/Welsh Football League

27. Tourism and sport at the international scale The varying power of different countries to participate in global tourism and sport
Niche national tourism strategies with a global sphere of influence, including adventure tourism, movie location tourism and heritage tourism
The role of TNCs in expanding international tourism destinations, including the costs and benefits of TNC involvement for different stakeholders
Costs and benefits of tourism as a national development strategy, including economic and social/cultural effects
Political, economic and cultural factors affecting the hosting of international sporting events, including Olympics and football World Cup events
Case study of costs and benefits for one country hosting an international event

28. Niche national tourism strategies with a global sphere of influence,
Tourism and sport at the international scale The varying power of different countries to participate in global tourism and sport
Niche national tourism strategies with a global sphere of influence,
including adventure tourism, movie location tourism and heritage tourism
Niche tourism refers to special-interest tourism catering for relatively small numbers of tourists.
There are many types of niche tourism, including adventure (to climb Mt. Everest in Nepal/China), movie location (Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit in New Zealand and Game of Thrones in Iceland) and heritage tourism (Machu Picchu in Peru– World Heritage Site and selected as one of the new seven wonders of the world).

29. Tourism and sport at the international scale The varying power of different countries to participate in global tourism and sport
The role of TNCs in expanding international tourism destinations, including the costs and benefits of TNC involvement for different stakeholders
In many LICs tourism has the potential to stimulate economic growth and development. It generates 6% of global GNP and 13% of consumer spending. Many LICs possess primary resources and some secondary resources such as hotels.
LICs may not have all the infrastructure in place to develop their own tourist industry. So they have been forced to rely upon TNCs concerned with tourism to organize and market these resources and products. The TNCs are usually based in HICs – the eight largest hotel chains in the world are all US-based companies Continued…

30. There are five main areas of TNC involvement in the tourism industry:
Airlines
Hotels
Cruise lines
Tour operators
Travel agents
All TNCs have been increasingly integrating their businesses.

31. Tourism and sport at the international scale The varying power of different countries to participate in global tourism and sport
Costs and benefits of tourism as a national development strategy, including economic and social/cultural effects
Kenya

32. Tourism and sport at the international scale The varying power of different countries to participate in global tourism and sport
Political, economic and cultural factors affecting the hosting of international sporting events, including Olympics and football World Cup events

33. Tourism and sport at the international scale The varying power of different countries to participate in global tourism and sport
Case study of costs and benefits for one country hosting an international event
Beijing 2008 Olympics

34. Managing tourism and sport for the future Future possibilities for management of, and participation in, tourism and sport at varying scales
The consequences of unsustainable touristic growth in rural and urban tourism hotspots, including the concept of carrying capacity and possible management options to increase site resilience
The concept of sustainable tourism, including the growth of ecotourism
One case study of sustainable tourism in one low-income country
Factors influencing future international tourism, including greater use of social media, international security and diaspora growth
The growing importance of political and cultural influences on international sport participation, including international agreements, inclusion via changing gender roles and the growing importance of the Paralympics

35. Managing tourism and sport for the future Future possibilities for management of, and participation in, tourism and sport at varying scales
The consequences of unsustainable touristic growth in rural and urban tourism hotspots, including the concept of carrying capacity and possible management options to increase site resilience
Sustainable development is defined as a development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Doxey’s Irridex and The Butler Model.

36. Managing tourism and sport for the future Future possibilities for management of, and participation in, tourism and sport at varying scales
The concept of sustainable tourism, including the growth of ecotourism
Ecotourism is a “green” or “alternative” form of sustainable tourism. It includes tourism that is related to ecosystems such as game parks, nature reserves, coral reefs and forest parks. It aims to give people a first-hand experience of natural environments and to show them the importance of conservation.
Its characteristics include:
Increasing involvement of local communities
Being appropriate to the local area
Balancing conservation and development

37. One case study of sustainable tourism in one low-income country
Managing tourism and sport for the future Future possibilities for management of, and participation in, tourism and sport at varying scales
One case study of sustainable tourism in one low-income country
Basecamp Explorer, Masai Mara, Kenya

38. Managing tourism and sport for the future Future possibilities for management of, and participation in, tourism and sport at varying scales
Factors influencing future international tourism, including greater use of social media, international security and diaspora growth

41. Managing tourism and sport for the future Future possibilities for management of, and participation in, tourism and sport at varying scales
The growing importance of political and cultural influences on international sport participation, including international agreements, inclusion via changing gender roles and the growing importance of the Paralympics