1. The Roaring Twenties
Unit 2
HUSH 111B

2. The Roaring ‘20s
American society changed in many ways following World War I.
The country withdrew into isolationism and called for worldwide disarmament
Conflict existed between Americans ready to adopt new manners and new ways and those who tried to resist the forces of change.

3. Postwar Adjustments Economic Adjustments Wartime demand dropped
Soldiers faced unemployment
Lower demand
Higher cost of living
Labor Unrest increased
Discrimination against blacks

4. A Republican Decade Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge
Elected in 1920
Scandals
Died August
Calvin Coolidge
“Silent Cal”
Laissez Faire Capitalism
“The business of the American people is business”
Herbert Hoover 1928
Led to Depression

5. Republican Foreign Policy
Harding
Isolationism (leads to nativism)
Disarmament – reducing the size and strength of the military
Limiting Immigration – Quota for 350,000 people per year to immigrate
Coolidge
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
Aristide Briand and Frank. B. Kellogg signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris).
The treaty outlawed war
The US Senate ratified it in 1929 and over the next few years forty-six nations signed a similar agreement committing themselves to peace.

6. Political Scandals Warren G. Harding 1921-1923
“Worst President in the history of the U.S.”
Harding’s cabinet was extremely corrupt
Several accused of bribery
Never linked directly to Harding however he was hurt by scandal
Appointed former President Taft as Chief Justice
Died in office in 1923
Replaced by Coolidge

7. Calvin Coolidge
Succeeded to the Presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.
He was elected in his own right in 1924, and gained a reputation as a small-government conservative.
Believed the League of Nations did not serve American interests, and he did not advocate membership in it.

8. More Political Scandals
Teapot Dome Scandal
Worst of the scandals
Involved Harding’s cabinet and illegal drilling rights in an oil field in CA known as “Tea Pot Dome”

9. Nativism
refers to a widespread attitude in a society of a rejection of alien persons or culture
Believed immigrants could not be fully loyal to the US
Did not like Jews, Catholics, or Orthodox Christians
City problems (slums,corruption) were blamed on the immigrants
Immigrants meant competition for jobs
Believed they carried dangerous political ideas
Socialism, Anarchy, etc.
Most of them came from very politically unstable countries

10. The Red Scare The Red Scare Renewed Nativism Russian Revolution
Bolsheviks
Vladimir Lenin
Communism
Renewed Nativism
Palmer Raids
Anti-Immigration Laws
American Civil Liberties Union
Sacco and Vanzetti

11. Public Opinion

14. Reasons to Fear- Would Communism Spread??
The government promises to create revolutions in other countries and spread communism
The government owns all land and property
Communism in the Soviet Union
Individuals have no rights that the government is legally bound to respect
A single political party controls the government

15. Attorney General Palmer became convinced that Communist agents were planning to overthrow the American government
Thirty-eight bombs sent to leading politicians by anarchists
Palmer recruited J. Edgar Hoover as his special assistant and together they used the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) to launch a campaign against radicals and left-wing organizations.
The public lost interest by spring of 1920 as one Palmer- predicted terrorist attack after another failed to occur

16. Schenck v United States
During World War I, Charles T. Schenck produced a pamphlet maintaining that the military draft was illegal
Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes rejected the argument that the pamphlet was protected by the First Amendment.
He argued that the government is justified in silencing free speech only if there is a “clear and present” danger to the nation

17. Labor Unrest Communist Plot One of the key social tensions of the era
1919 Bombings?
Because of the violence, Economic Boom, and increased wages Union membership declined from 5 million to 3.4 million in 1920
One of the key social tensions of the era
1919 – 4 million workers held 3600 strikes
Most strikes were beat down by federal authorities

18. Strikes Steelworkers 1919 United Mine Workers Coal Strike
Gary, Indiana
US Steel Corporation used force to break the strike
18 dead, 100s seriously wounded
federal troops occupied the city for several months.
United Mine Workers Coal Strike
Boston Police Strike
(1919), police commissioner refused to recognize a policemen's union.
Governor Calvin Coolidge finally called out the state militia to maintain order in the city, declaring "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime.".

20. Public Opinion

21. Public Opinion

22. Prohibition- the "noble experiment"
National prohibition of alcohol ( )--the was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene in America.
1919
18th Amendment
Volstead Act
1933
21st Amendment-
Blaine Act

23. Per Capita Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages (Gallons of Pure Alcohol) 1910-1929.

24. Science vs. Religion Debate ‘Scopes Monkey Trial’
Creationism v Evolution
John T. Scopes, TN Teacher taught Darwin’s Origin of Species to students
Lawyer for ACLU
Clarence Darrow
Lawyer for Creationists
William Jennings Bryant
Creationists won case, but lost battle of public opinion

25. Rising Intolerance Nationwide Racial Discrimination Yellow Peril
African Americans in the North
Anti Semitic business practices
Mexicans
KKK Violence
The New Ku Klux Klan
White, Protestant, native born, Americans
Hiram Wesley Evans – Imperial Wizard
Over 4 million member in 1924
Rising Intolerance

26. Sacco and Vanzetti
Two Italian immigrants wrongly accused of murder and robbery
They were convicted and executed for the crime even though another man confessed
Many observers believed that their conviction resulted from prejudice against them as Italian immigrants and because they held radical political beliefs
Fifty years later, on 23rd August, 1977, the Governor of Massachusetts, issued a proclamation, effectively absolving the two men of the crime

27. A Consumer Economy Buying On Credit Age of Electricity
Ford and the Automobile
Effects on the rest of the economy
Industrial growth

28. Henry Ford
Was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production.
His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry.
“Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black".

29. Society in the 1920s

30. The Flapper and Changes for Women
Style
“bobbed” their Hair
Wore makeup and shorter dresses
Smoked and drank in public
Work and Politics
Women moved into office, sales, and professional jobs
Voted in local and national elections
Elected to political office

31. Important Roaring 20’s Demographics
The Great Migration
The movement of African-Americans from the South to the North in search of jobs and equality
Immigration changes
Less from Europe
More from Canada and Mexico
Development of barrios
Growth of Suburbs
Trolley lines brought commuters to work in the cities

32. Important Roaring 20’s Demographics
The Great Migration
The movement of African-Americans from the South to the North in search of jobs and equality
Immigration changes
Less from Europe
More from Canada and Mexico
Development of barrios
Growth of Suburbs
Trolley lines brought commuters to work in the cities

33. Trolley Line in Inman Park Atlanta, GA

34. American Heroes Charles “Lucky Lindy” Lindberg Amelia Earhart
Jack Dempsey
Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig
Gertrude Ederle
Helen Wills (Moody)

35. Mass Media Newspapers Motion Pictures Radio
Between 1920 and 1930circulation rose from 27.8 million to almost 40 million
Motion Pictures
Moviemaking became the 4th largest business in the country
million viewers per week, 1930, 90 million per week
Radio
NBC
Medium for the masses
United the country…Why?
Mass Media

36. The Harlem Renaissance
In the early 1900s, particularly in the 1920s, African-American literature, art, music, dance, and social commentary began to flourish in Harlem, a section of New York City.
This African-American cultural movement became known as "The New Negro Movement" and later as the Harlem Renaissance.

37. Background
Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City, was the center of the African American political, cultural, and artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s.
The Harlem Renaissance emerged in a time of social and intellectual upheaval in the African American community.

38. Causes
The Great Migration, a movement of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from rural to urban areas was a factor
A growing middle class also helped foster the growth
Increasing numbers of educated and socially conscious African Americans
Dust to Dust by Jacob Lawrence

39. Art, Music, and Literature
More than a literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression.
African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage.

40. Langston Hughes
Was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and newspaper columnist.
Hughes is quoted as saying that in his work he “confronted racial stereotypes, protested social conditions, and expanded African America’s image of itself”
He considered himself a “people’s poet” who sought to reeducate both audience and artist by lifting the theory of the black aesthetic into reality

41. The Negro Speaks of Rivers by Langston Hughes
I've known rivers:
I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the
flow of human blood in human veins.
My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young.
I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep.
I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it.
I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln
went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy
bosom turn all golden in the sunset.
Ancient, dusky rivers.

42. American Art in the 1920’s
Art movements included the modernist movement, abstract expressionism, surrealism, dadism, and landscapes.
Georgia O’Keefe

43. Edward Hopper

44. The Jazz Age Jazz Clubs 500 clubs in Harlem alone
Cotton Club, Connie’s Inn, The Saratoga Club
Jelly Roll Morton Band, Louis Armstrong (Satchmo), Duke Ellington

45. Duke Ellington
Born Edward Kennedy Ellington, Duke Ellington was one of the founding fathers of jazz music.
He started playing piano at the age of seven, and by the time he was 15, he was composing.
A pianist, bandleader, arranger, and composer, Ellington and his band played together for 50 years.
Some of Ellington's most famous songs include "Don't Get Around Much Anymore," "Sophisticated Lady" and "In a Sentimental Mood."

46. George Gershwin
George Gershwin was an American composer who wrote most of his vocal and theatrical works in collaboration with his elder brother lyricist Ira Gershwin.
Gershwin is known for his contributions to the world of jazz known as ‘Tin Pan Alley’
His most famous pieces’ include the lyrics from “Porgy and Bess” and “Rhapsody in Blue”

47. Fitzgerald and his wife, Zelda
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century.
Fitzgerald was the self-styled spokesman of the "Lost Generation", Americans born in the 1890s who came of age during World War I.
He finished four novels, left a fifth unfinished, and wrote dozens of short stories that treat themes of youth, despair, and age.
The Great Gatsby
This Side of Paradise
Fitzgerald and his wife, Zelda

48. Marcus Garvey and Black Pride
Alternative solutions to accepting white supremacy
Marcus Garvey-
“the first man to give millions of Negroes a sense of dignity and destiny” MLK
Black Pride
Published the Negro World
Black Eagle Flying Corps
Empower blacks worldwide toward economic, religious, psychological, and cultural independence
Believed in racial separatism

49. That’s it for the 20’s…
Read your chapters!!!
Test on Friday!!!