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The Roaring Twenties Unit 2 HUSH 111B
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The Roaring ‘20s American society changed in many ways following World War I. The country withdrew into isolationism and called for worldwide disarmament Conflict existed between Americans ready to adopt new manners and new ways and those who tried to resist the forces of change.
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Postwar Adjustments Economic Adjustments Wartime demand dropped
Soldiers faced unemployment Lower demand Higher cost of living Labor Unrest increased Discrimination against blacks
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A Republican Decade Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge
Elected in 1920 Scandals Died August Calvin Coolidge “Silent Cal” Laissez Faire Capitalism “The business of the American people is business” Herbert Hoover 1928 Led to Depression
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Republican Foreign Policy
Harding Isolationism (leads to nativism) Disarmament – reducing the size and strength of the military Limiting Immigration – Quota for 350,000 people per year to immigrate Coolidge Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 Aristide Briand and Frank. B. Kellogg signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris). The treaty outlawed war The US Senate ratified it in 1929 and over the next few years forty-six nations signed a similar agreement committing themselves to peace.
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Political Scandals Warren G. Harding 1921-1923
“Worst President in the history of the U.S.” Harding’s cabinet was extremely corrupt Several accused of bribery Never linked directly to Harding however he was hurt by scandal Appointed former President Taft as Chief Justice Died in office in 1923 Replaced by Coolidge
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Calvin Coolidge Succeeded to the Presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding. He was elected in his own right in 1924, and gained a reputation as a small-government conservative. Believed the League of Nations did not serve American interests, and he did not advocate membership in it.
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More Political Scandals
Teapot Dome Scandal Worst of the scandals Involved Harding’s cabinet and illegal drilling rights in an oil field in CA known as “Tea Pot Dome”
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Nativism refers to a widespread attitude in a society of a rejection of alien persons or culture Believed immigrants could not be fully loyal to the US Did not like Jews, Catholics, or Orthodox Christians City problems (slums,corruption) were blamed on the immigrants Immigrants meant competition for jobs Believed they carried dangerous political ideas Socialism, Anarchy, etc. Most of them came from very politically unstable countries
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The Red Scare The Red Scare Renewed Nativism Russian Revolution
Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Communism Renewed Nativism Palmer Raids Anti-Immigration Laws American Civil Liberties Union Sacco and Vanzetti
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Public Opinion
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Reasons to Fear- Would Communism Spread??
The government promises to create revolutions in other countries and spread communism The government owns all land and property Communism in the Soviet Union Individuals have no rights that the government is legally bound to respect A single political party controls the government
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Attorney General Palmer became convinced that Communist agents were planning to overthrow the American government Thirty-eight bombs sent to leading politicians by anarchists Palmer recruited J. Edgar Hoover as his special assistant and together they used the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) to launch a campaign against radicals and left-wing organizations. The public lost interest by spring of 1920 as one Palmer- predicted terrorist attack after another failed to occur
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Schenck v United States
During World War I, Charles T. Schenck produced a pamphlet maintaining that the military draft was illegal Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes rejected the argument that the pamphlet was protected by the First Amendment. He argued that the government is justified in silencing free speech only if there is a “clear and present” danger to the nation
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Labor Unrest Communist Plot One of the key social tensions of the era
1919 Bombings? Because of the violence, Economic Boom, and increased wages Union membership declined from 5 million to 3.4 million in 1920 One of the key social tensions of the era 1919 – 4 million workers held 3600 strikes Most strikes were beat down by federal authorities
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Strikes Steelworkers 1919 United Mine Workers Coal Strike
Gary, Indiana US Steel Corporation used force to break the strike 18 dead, 100s seriously wounded federal troops occupied the city for several months. United Mine Workers Coal Strike Boston Police Strike (1919), police commissioner refused to recognize a policemen's union. Governor Calvin Coolidge finally called out the state militia to maintain order in the city, declaring "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime.".
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Public Opinion
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Public Opinion
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Prohibition- the "noble experiment"
National prohibition of alcohol ( )--the was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene in America. 1919 18th Amendment Volstead Act 1933 21st Amendment- Blaine Act
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Per Capita Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages (Gallons of Pure Alcohol) 1910-1929.
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Science vs. Religion Debate ‘Scopes Monkey Trial’
Creationism v Evolution John T. Scopes, TN Teacher taught Darwin’s Origin of Species to students Lawyer for ACLU Clarence Darrow Lawyer for Creationists William Jennings Bryant Creationists won case, but lost battle of public opinion
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Rising Intolerance Nationwide Racial Discrimination Yellow Peril
African Americans in the North Anti Semitic business practices Mexicans KKK Violence The New Ku Klux Klan White, Protestant, native born, Americans Hiram Wesley Evans – Imperial Wizard Over 4 million member in 1924 Rising Intolerance
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Sacco and Vanzetti Two Italian immigrants wrongly accused of murder and robbery They were convicted and executed for the crime even though another man confessed Many observers believed that their conviction resulted from prejudice against them as Italian immigrants and because they held radical political beliefs Fifty years later, on 23rd August, 1977, the Governor of Massachusetts, issued a proclamation, effectively absolving the two men of the crime
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A Consumer Economy Buying On Credit Age of Electricity
Ford and the Automobile Effects on the rest of the economy Industrial growth
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Henry Ford Was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. “Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black".
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Society in the 1920s
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The Flapper and Changes for Women
Style “bobbed” their Hair Wore makeup and shorter dresses Smoked and drank in public Work and Politics Women moved into office, sales, and professional jobs Voted in local and national elections Elected to political office
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Important Roaring 20’s Demographics
The Great Migration The movement of African-Americans from the South to the North in search of jobs and equality Immigration changes Less from Europe More from Canada and Mexico Development of barrios Growth of Suburbs Trolley lines brought commuters to work in the cities
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Important Roaring 20’s Demographics
The Great Migration The movement of African-Americans from the South to the North in search of jobs and equality Immigration changes Less from Europe More from Canada and Mexico Development of barrios Growth of Suburbs Trolley lines brought commuters to work in the cities
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Trolley Line in Inman Park Atlanta, GA
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American Heroes Charles “Lucky Lindy” Lindberg Amelia Earhart
Jack Dempsey Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig Gertrude Ederle Helen Wills (Moody)
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Mass Media Newspapers Motion Pictures Radio
Between 1920 and 1930circulation rose from 27.8 million to almost 40 million Motion Pictures Moviemaking became the 4th largest business in the country million viewers per week, 1930, 90 million per week Radio NBC Medium for the masses United the country…Why? Mass Media
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The Harlem Renaissance
In the early 1900s, particularly in the 1920s, African-American literature, art, music, dance, and social commentary began to flourish in Harlem, a section of New York City. This African-American cultural movement became known as "The New Negro Movement" and later as the Harlem Renaissance.
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Background Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City, was the center of the African American political, cultural, and artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s. The Harlem Renaissance emerged in a time of social and intellectual upheaval in the African American community.
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Causes The Great Migration, a movement of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from rural to urban areas was a factor A growing middle class also helped foster the growth Increasing numbers of educated and socially conscious African Americans Dust to Dust by Jacob Lawrence
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Art, Music, and Literature
More than a literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage.
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Langston Hughes Was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and newspaper columnist. Hughes is quoted as saying that in his work he “confronted racial stereotypes, protested social conditions, and expanded African America’s image of itself” He considered himself a “people’s poet” who sought to reeducate both audience and artist by lifting the theory of the black aesthetic into reality
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The Negro Speaks of Rivers by Langston Hughes
I've known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. Ancient, dusky rivers.
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American Art in the 1920’s Art movements included the modernist movement, abstract expressionism, surrealism, dadism, and landscapes. Georgia O’Keefe
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Edward Hopper
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The Jazz Age Jazz Clubs 500 clubs in Harlem alone
Cotton Club, Connie’s Inn, The Saratoga Club Jelly Roll Morton Band, Louis Armstrong (Satchmo), Duke Ellington
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Duke Ellington Born Edward Kennedy Ellington, Duke Ellington was one of the founding fathers of jazz music. He started playing piano at the age of seven, and by the time he was 15, he was composing. A pianist, bandleader, arranger, and composer, Ellington and his band played together for 50 years. Some of Ellington's most famous songs include "Don't Get Around Much Anymore," "Sophisticated Lady" and "In a Sentimental Mood."
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George Gershwin George Gershwin was an American composer who wrote most of his vocal and theatrical works in collaboration with his elder brother lyricist Ira Gershwin. Gershwin is known for his contributions to the world of jazz known as ‘Tin Pan Alley’ His most famous pieces’ include the lyrics from “Porgy and Bess” and “Rhapsody in Blue”
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Fitzgerald and his wife, Zelda
F. Scott Fitzgerald Regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald was the self-styled spokesman of the "Lost Generation", Americans born in the 1890s who came of age during World War I. He finished four novels, left a fifth unfinished, and wrote dozens of short stories that treat themes of youth, despair, and age. The Great Gatsby This Side of Paradise Fitzgerald and his wife, Zelda
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Marcus Garvey and Black Pride
Alternative solutions to accepting white supremacy Marcus Garvey- “the first man to give millions of Negroes a sense of dignity and destiny” MLK Black Pride Published the Negro World Black Eagle Flying Corps Empower blacks worldwide toward economic, religious, psychological, and cultural independence Believed in racial separatism
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That’s it for the 20’s… Read your chapters!!! Test on Friday!!!
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