1. #57
What is this political cartoon trying to tell you?
* What does the snake represent?
* What does sedition mean?
* What do the 3 boys represent?

2. #58 The New Nation Alien and Sedition Acts
Conflicts with England and France
Federalists versus the Democratic-Republicans
The Election of 1800
The Revolution of 1800
Marbury vs. Madison
Judicial Review

3. John Adams and the Threat of War
John Adams had been the Vice President under George Washington( ) and was elected President on his own in 1796 with Thomas Jefferson coming in 2nd and becoming the Vice President. This was difficult because Adams was a Federalist while his VP was an opposing Democratic-Republican.
No protesting the government? No immigrants allowed in? No freedom of the press. Lawmakers jailed? This describes the United States in 1798 after the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
The strong steps that Adams took in response to the French foreign threat also included severe repression of domestic protest.

4. The Alien and Sedition Acts
A series of laws known collectively as the ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS were passed by the Federalist Congress in and signed into law by President Adams.  Fear of French immigrants voting and living as citizens in the US while we were in an undeclared naval war with France led to this law.
The most controversial of the new laws permitting strong government control over individual actions was the SEDITION ACT. In essence, this Act prohibited public opposition to the government. Fines and imprisonment could be used against those who "write, print, utter (say), or publish any false, scandalous and malicious (evil, hurtful) writing" against the government.

5. Under the terms of this law over 20 Republican newspaper editors were arrested and some were imprisoned. The Sedition Act clearly violated individual protections under the First Amendment of the Constitution; however, the practice of "JUDICIAL REVIEW," whereby the Supreme Court considers the constitutionality of laws was not yet well developed.
The Virginia and Kentucky legislatures (assemblies) passed resolutions declaring the Federal laws invalid within their states. The bold challenge to the Federal government offered in the name of states' rights seemed to point toward imminent armed conflict or a return to weak central government, with each state determining what it was willing to do. How much liberty should the American people give up to be secure?
#1 Why did the Alien and Sedition Act violate the Bill of Rights?
#2 Why wasn’t it declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court?

6. The Election of 1800
Thomas Jefferson (current Vice President) and Aaron Burr defeated President John Adams and his running mate Electoral Votes and with 61.4% of the popular vote.
However, without the extra representation of slaves under the 3/5ths Compromise in the Constitution, John Adams would have been re-elected with only 38.6 % of the popular vote.
Jefferson called the election the “Revolution of 1800” because there was a peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another.

7. A Different Direction: The Revolution of 1800
The election of 1800 was between the Federalist President John Adams and Vice President Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans .
Anti-federalists also known as Republicans thought Adams was trying to create a monarchy, Federalists thought Jefferson was too soft and would give the country away to our enemies. Jefferson’s running mate Aaron Burr also received an equal number of Electoral votes. The House of Representatives eventually voted for Jefferson and the 12th amendment was established to define the election of the president and vice-president
In 1801, Jefferson becomes the 1st president to be inaugurated in Washington D.C. the country’s new capital. After the bitter campaign, Jefferson stated “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” meaning all Americans are for the rights of citizens and a Federal government strong enough to protect them.
#3 Why did Thomas Jefferson consider the Presidential election of to be a revolution?

8. Jefferson Takes Office 1800-1808

9. Jefferson Charts a New Course
Jefferson thought of his election as a political revolution and that the first job of the president should be to limit the power of the federal government.
He enacted a policy of “Laissez Faire” – a French term for hands off, or the belief that government should not interfere in the economy
Jefferson reduced the number of government employees, fired all tax collectors and reduced the size of our military (weakened it)
Jefferson also despised the Alien and Sedition Act, pardoned everyone convicted of violating it, and ordered any monies collected as a fine returned to the citizens
Jeffersonian Democracy: A. political freedom to oppose and limit the power of the Federal government; “the Spirit of 1776”
B. acceptance of slavery in spite of
The Declaration of Independence
#4 How was President Jefferson different from the Federalists?

11. The Supreme Court & Judicial Review 1803
Just before he left office, John Adams appointed William Marbury for the Supreme Court, Jefferson argued that Adams did so only to maintain Federalist power and fight the new president.
Jefferson ordered James Madison to stop the appointment in protest. Marbury sued the government over executive control. The Supreme Court ruled that the president gets his power from the Constitution and not his office.
The Marbury v. Madison court case gave the Supreme Court the power of power of judicial review (the ability to rule that any law by Congress or action by the president can be declared unconstitutional) Federalists supported Chief Justice John Marshall (appointed by John Adams) and Jefferson supported the outcome so Judicial Review became an accepted power of the Supreme Court.
#5 Why is Marbury v. Madison the most important Supreme Court case?

12. The Louisiana Purchase

13. The Nation Looks West
By 1800, over 1 million Americans lived east of the Mississippi River, most were farmers
Because there were no roads, most relied on the Mississippi River to move their goods for sale, making New Orleans a very important city
Spain controlled the land west of the river, so the USA negotiated a treaty with them for use of the river and land
At times Spain refused the treaty and charged heavy fines on goods, in Jefferson found out that Spain had secretly given Louisiana to France and he saw a chance to grow our borders and increase our economy

14. In 1802, Spain ordered all ships off of the Mississippi River
James Monroe was sent to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans along with Robert Livingston
Upon arrival, Monroe found out that France was involved in a rebellion in Haiti, secretly France was almost bankrupt and England was planning to attack France, Napoleon needed money fast
Buying Louisiana

15. France offered the city of New Orleans, all land that touched the Mississippi River and territories that extended beyond for $15 million (827,000 square miles)
Even though Jefferson did not have the authority from Congress to make the deal, he did so anyway doubling the size of our nation in one day
6. Why did President Jefferson buy the Louisiana Purchase from France?
Jefferson’s Loose interpretation of the Constitution increased the national debt, like Hamilton

16. Lewis & Clark Explore the West
In January of 1803, Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to scout and map the new Louisiana Territory as well as look for Indians or river routes along the way
Recently the Pacific Ocean had been discovered and Jefferson wanted to find the quickest and safest route directly to the ocean. This would also open up trade with China and Japan
In 1804 Lewis & Clark left St. Louis Missouri for the Pacific. With 3 boats, 40 men and supplies their journey was not easy.

17. Battling currents, shallow rivers and curious natives slowed the journey down to over 3 times the amount of time they thought it would take.
Along the way, out of supplies and lost they run into a French fur trapper and his two wives. One wife Sacagawea, a Shoshone agreed to travel with them and help guide them to the ocean. Later in the journey, the expedition is almost attacked and killed by a war party in the pacific northwest. It turns out that the chief of the tribe was Sacagawea’s lost brother. The tribe stopped the attack and agreed to help Lewis & Clark.
Reaching the Pacific in the winter of 1805, the group made a fort survived the winter and headed back to St. Louis in March of The return journey only took 6 months.

18. Zebulon Pike attempted to cut directly through the Rocky Mountains to reach the ocean. His journey stopped in the Rockies as the snow was so deep that he never made it across; today that mountain is called Pike’s Peak.
On the way home, Pike went through Spanish New Mexico, Texas and Arizona, he made detailed maps about the land and people. He was captured and held as a spy.
While Pike was eventually released and not charged as a spy, his findings did educate Americans about Spanish lands and made many Americans desperately wish to move to New Mexico and Texas, setting up a border dispute with Mexico and Spain many years later
Pike’s Expedition

19. Return to the links on my webpage to learn about the Native Americans Lewis and Clark encountered and the contributions of Sacagawea