1. History of GIS Past, Present, and Future
History of Mapping, Computer Technology and computing techniques and Earth Observation.
Week 2
April 03, 2014
Department of RS and GISc
Institute of Space Technology, Karachi

2. Spatial Information is all about Where is What?
Map were conventionally used to answer this question!
oldest forms of nonverbal communication.
Humans drawing maps before they were writing texts.
Man’s ability to produce maps not only predates paper invention (105 AD) but it preceded his linguistic capabilities (predates formal language)
First plan like landscape representation dated back to 20,000 BC (predates man ability to speak)
Use of Maps: From Navigation to resource management to environmental monitoring
Principles of GIS goes back 100 of years

3. Mapping through History of Mankind
Few Glimpses

4. The first route map showing the whole of the Roman world (366–335 B. C
The credit for determining diameter of earth goes to a brilliant mathematician and geographer Eratosthenes. He was a friend of Archimedes. He prepared a celestial map that included 675 stars, and he determined the angle of inclination of the equator to the ecliptic (the plane of earth’s orbit around the sun)—about 23:5. He suggested to add to the calendar one extra day every four years to keep it in step with the seasons, an idea on which the Julian calendar was later based. In old age he became blind, and sensing that his productive years were over, died a “philosopher’s death” by voluntary starvation.
The circumference of the earth as found by him was 250,000 stadia (geographical distance unit in the Greek era) that is between 29,000 and 35,000 miles, whereas the correct values are 24,818 miles for the polar circumference and 24,902 miles for the equatorial. In doing so he used the science of geometry in its literal sense: to measure the earth

5. Modern Age
PRE-GIS ERA
Before GIS revolution the link between Where and What was by the traditional, manually drafted map
The tools used were pens, rulers, planimeters, dot grids, and paper sheets
Historical use of map was for navigation to know the location of physical features
A planimeter is a measuring instrument used to determine the area of an arbitrary two-dimensional shape.

6. First printed Atlas of the world by legendary geographer Claudius Ptolemy (150 A.D.)
Map projections of a spherical earth and use of latitude and longitude to characterize position - Claudius Ptolemy (Alexandria, Egypt) (north arrow notation)
Atlas includes a set of 27 maps drawn by Ptolemy himself. Ptolemy was Roman astronomer and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt
The notion that north should always be up and east at the right was established by the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy ( AD).
Mercator, a mathematician and geographer, invented a type of cylindrical projection named after him.

7. Contour maps showing curves of equal value: an isogonic map, lines of equal magnetic declination for the world, (Edmond Halley, England) (1701)
Geological map (distribution of soils, minerals)- Johann Friedrich von Charpentier, Germany (1778)
Maps of the Battle of Yorktown (American Revolution) drawn by the French Cartographer Louis-Alexandre Berthier contained hinged overlays to show troop movements (1781)
1o of latitude = 69.1 miles or km
The polar circumference can be calculated using this information
The notion that the earth is spherical is attributed to Pythagoras;
Contour map: possibly the first contour map of a data-based variable
Magnetic Declination: is the angle between the local magnetic field (the direction the north end of a compass points) and true north.

8. Statistical map of production in Europe, possibly the first economic and thematic map (shows geographic distribution of 56 commodities produced in Europe)- August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome , Germany (1782)
First topographical map- Marcellin du Carla- Boniface , France (1782)

9. First maps of the incidence of disease (yellow fever), using dots and circles to show individual occurrences in waterfront areas of New York by Valentine Seaman (1798)

10. The first large-scale geological map of England and Wales (William Smith, England) (1801)
First graph of isotherms, showing mean temperature around the world by latitude and longitude (Alexander von Humboldt - Germany) (1817)
The first known geological map was produced by Christopher Packe in 1743, and depicts South England. Smith’s map is impressive for its size (about 6 x 9 feet— printed as 15 separate copperplate engravings for a 5x3 grid), scope (all of England, Wales, and part of Scotland), beauty (elaborately hand-colored) and detail.

11. Map with shadings from black to white (distribution and intensity of illiteracy in France), the first choropleth map, and perhaps the first modern statistical map (Pierre Charles Dupin, France). (1819)
A choropleth map is a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map

12. Choropleth Map
Map which shows regions or areas which have the same characteristics
0, 1, 2 = light shade
3, 4, 5 = Medium shade
6, 7, 8 = Dark shade

13. First simple dot map of population, 1 dot = 10,000 people— Armand Joseph Fr`ere de Montizon – France (1830)

14. First published flow maps, showing transportation by means of shaded lines, widths proportional to amount (passengers)— (Henry Drury Harness, Ireland) (1837)
Traffic density

15. Dr. John Snow mapped cholera deaths in London and used geographical analysis to trace the outbreak to a contaminated well (dot map to display epidemiological data) (or 1855)

16. Pictogram, used to represent data by icons proportional to a number- Michael George Mulhall , England (1884)

17. Pictogram

18. Street maps of London, showing poverty and wealth by color coding - Charles Booth (1889)
BLACK: Lowest class. Vicious, semi-criminal.
DARK BLUE: Very poor, casual. Chronic want.
LIGHT BLUE: Poor. 18 shillings. to 21s. a week for a moderate family
PURPLE: Mixed. Some comfortable others poor
PINK: Fairly comfortable. Good ordinary earnings.
RED: Middle class. Well-to-do.
YELLOW: Upper-middle and Upper classes. Wealthy

19. “The first actual cause of a bug being found”
1944
Harvard's Mark I, the first digital computer, put in service. Officially known as the ``IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator'' (ASCC),
Mark 1 = 50ft long and weighted about 5 tons. It was first large scale automatic digital computer.
On September 9th, 1945, a moth flew into one of the relays and jammed it. The offending moth was taped into the log book alongside the official report, which stated: “First actual case of a bug being found.”]
“The first actual cause of a bug being found”

20. Analysis of mapped data is a new perspective
GIS BIRTH – Late 1960s
1960s - start of quantitative decision making and widespread use of mathematical modeling
Analysis of mapped data is a new perspective
Map utilization from physical description of geographic space to new geospatial concepts and tools
interpreting mapped data
combining map layers
spatially characterizing and communicating complex spatial relationships
Change of paradigm from Descriptive to Prescriptive geography
Initial development of geographic information systems, combining spatially-referenced data, spatial models and map-based visualization.

21. Computational power of computers provided the
means for efficient handling of voluminous data and
effective spatial analysis capabilities
Emergence of GIS = maps from images to ‘Mapped Data’

22. Milestones: Late1950s-Late 1960s
Digitized traffic flow data by transportation planners in USA
University of Washington Geography students developed spatial statistics, analytical operations and computer aided mapping
1957
With the launch of Sputnik1, mounting of cameras on orbiting spacecraft becomes possible
Sputnik: First man made object to orbit the Earth by Soviet Union
1: a series of robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union

23. 1958
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is established 
1959
First plotter appeared
Late 1950s early 1960s
Transistor based computers developed (by University of Manchester)
Allowed processing of geographic data
Output limited to tables
NASA: In-charge of US science and technology that has to do with airplanes or space
Plotter: By CalComp Technology (USA) was one of the first computer output device sold
Transistor Computers: A transistor computer was a computer which used transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The vacuum tubes were bulky, unreliable and generated large amount of heat)

24. 1960 
First meteorological satellite, TIROS-1 (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) is launched by NASA 
1962 
USSR’s first COSMOS satellite is launched
Britain’s first satellite Ariel is launched
1963
Development of Canada Geographic Information Systems (CGIS) commences, led by Roger Tom Linson, to analyze Canada’s national inventory
1964
The Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Harvard University, US is established by Howard Fisher
1965
U.S. Bureau of Census creates the Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME) data format
DIME was refined into the TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) format
TIROS-1: First successful weather satellite and first of TIROS series. Taking television footage of weather patterns (2 cameras and 2 magnetic tape recorders for recording when satellite is out of communication range)
CGIS: to analyze data collected by Canadian Land Inventory (CLI) and assist in regulatory procedure of land use management and resource monitoring. One of the earliest GISs developed.
Harvard Lab: Had major influence on the development of GIS until early 1980s. Many GIS pioneers grew up here.
DIME: GIS file format for efficiently storing geographical data
TIGER: Standard geographical data format

25. 1966
Howard Fisher develops SYMAP (Synagraphic Mapping System), a pioneering automated computer mapping application, at the Northwestern Technology Institute, University of Chicago and completed it at the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis
1968 
Apollo 8 Space program returns the first pictures of the Earth from deep space. 
The first Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) is developed and launched by NASA in Later on it was transferred to NOAA for day-to-day activities
1969
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) was established by Jack and Laura Dangermond
Intergraph Corporation established by Jim Meadlock
First Man landed on Moon
SYMAP: an automated mapping application, producing isoline, choropleth and proximal maps on a line printer.
Synagraphic Mapping System (SYMAP) was invented at the North Western University in Chicago (mid-1960s) by Howard Fisher. Then he moved to Harvard University where SYMAP and GIS evolved into many other things. He established the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis laid its foundation with the development of general purpose mapping software.
Apollo 8: first human space flight mission. 6 days mission.
Geostationary Satellite: Its revolving speed and direction (west to east) is exactly same as that of the earth, which makes it look stationary from the earth’s surface.
Intergraph Corporation is the leading global provider of engineering and geospatial software
First man landed on moon July 20th 1969 – Apollo 11 mission (8 days mission)

26. Beginning of Digital Mapping
Beginning Years – 1970s
Beginning of Digital Mapping
Map editing becomes easy in computer mapping
Updates of resource maps can be done very quickly
Change in the format of mapped data— from analog to digital

27. Milestones
1970
Operational System for collecting information about the earth on a repetitive schedule starts with the help of the instruments like Skylab (later, the Space Shuttle) 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is established. 
1971
The Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) becomes fully operational. 
NOAA: Agency in the department of commerce that maps the oceans and conserves their living resources, predicts changes to Earth environment, provide weather reports, forecast floods and hurricanes and other natural disasters related to weather

28. 1971-1972 1972 1973 Microprocessor developed
Remote Sensing (RS) in GIS began with the launch of the first LANDSAT satellite (originally known as ERTS-1) by NASA that was dedicated to mapping natural and cultural resources on land and ocean surfaces
1973
Maryland Automatic Geographic Information (MAGI), one of the first statewide GIS projects begins in US
Internet developed
Microprocessor: computer processor on a microchip (brain of computer)
Microprocessor based computers were faster, smaller and less expensive (4th generation computers)
LANDSAT: 1st unmanned satellite specifically designed to acquire data about Earth resources on a systematic repetitive basis
Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS).

29. 1974
The first Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, SMS-1 operational prototype is launched by NASA for NOAA
The first International Symposium on Computer Assisted Cartography (later becomes AUTOCARTO) is held in Reston (Virginia).
Synchronous also called Geostationary.
SMS-1: by NASA for NOAA
Mostly sponsored by ACSM (American Congress on Surveying and Mapping ), ACA (American Cartographic Association), or CaGIS (Cartography and Geographic Information Society).
CaGIS is a professional society that serves cartographers, GIS professionals, and GIScience researchers and educators

30. 1977
The USGS develops the Digital Line Graph (DLG) spatial data format
1978
ERDAS leading developer of desktop geospatial software solutions is founded
First version of Arc/Info by ESRI developed
ERDAS Products: ERDAS Imagine,

31. Development of Spatial Database Management Systems
Adolescent Years– 1980s
Development of Spatial Database Management Systems
Mapping capabilities of computer linked with traditional database management capabilities
It became possible to:
Retrieve information about map location
Retrieve/select location given specific set of conditions
Gave the users the ability to sort, select, extract, reclassify, reproject and display data on the basis of various criteria.

32. Two types of Data Model selected
Vector (discrete spatial objects)
Raster (continuous map surface)
Improvement in digitizing equipment - manual digitizing tablets to automated scanners
Insurance of compatibility among systems addressed for digital maps by several sectors
Government agencies took initiative on data standardization, decreased redundancy, and data sharing
Map encoding and database design emerged as an industry
Market demand for digital products

33. Milestones 1981 1982 1980s 1984 First IBM PC released
ESRI held its first User Conference, attended by 16 people
1982
First commercially available software of ESRI ArcInfo 1.0 released which ran on mainframe computers
1980s
Pen plotters available to general public
1984
Geological Information System is prepared using a training package called MAPS from Yale University US
1st IBM PC was released on August 12th, 1981.
ESRI held its first User Conference, attended by 16 people at the ESRI office in Redlands, has now grown to be the largest annual GIS event in the world, with more than 14,000 attendees from around the globe.

34. 1985 1986 The GPS (Global Positioning System) becomes operational
Development of GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System), a raster based GIS program, starts at the US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories
1986
ESRI's PC ARC/INFO1.0 released
The first SPOT satellite Earth Observation System is launched and designed by Centre National d’Etudes Spatial (CNES) in France and developed with the participation of Sweden and Belgium. 
MapInfo founded that developed the first desktop GIS product on the market
GRASS: a raster based??? GIS program for land management at military installations.
GRASS runs on Linux, Unix, Mac, and Windows; Arc runs on Windows only.
PV ARC/INFO 1.0: a stand-alone PC-based GIS station
MapInfo developed the first desktop GIS in 1986…..MapInfo Professional
MapInfo was founded by 4 students.

35. Maturing Years– 1990s
Map analysis and Modeling- from descriptive query to prescriptive analysis of maps
Modern GIS packages combine traditional mathematical capabilities with an extensive set of advanced map processing operations

36. Milestones 1990s 1991 1992 PCs have enough power to run GIS
Ink jet plotters available
Internet and WWW
Client Server GIS
1991
MapInfo Professional launched
The first European Remote-Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) launched that carried radar altimeter
1992
The National Space Development Agency (NASDA), Japan launches JERS-1 satellite
GeoEye founded
Radio Altimeter: measures altitude above the terrain present beneath an aircraft or spacecraft. Radio wave transmitted towards ground and time it takes to be reflected and returned to the aircraft is noted (then use velocity, time and distance relationship)
GeoEye: Commercial satellite imagery company based in Dulles VA. World’s largest imaging corporation (competitors are Digital Globe and Spot Image)

37. 1994
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) is formed in US by an executive order of President Bill Clinton 
International Steering Committee for Global Mapping (ISCGM) is established 
1995
RADARSAT – 1 satellite is launched. (Canadian Satellite)
NSDI: to promote sharing geospatial data through all levels of government, private, non-profit, and academia to make data more accessible to public.
RADARSAT: pair of Canadian satellite (RADARSAT-1 (1995) and RADARSAT-2 (2007))

38. 1996
Japan’s ‘Advanced Earth Observation Satellite’ is launched. 
1997
The University of Minnesota (UMN) released MapServer 1.0, an open source development environment for building spatially- enabled Internet applications (
ESRI released ArcView Internet Map Server (IMS), a commercial tool for publishing GIS data over the Internet. 
1999
Landsat 7 carrying Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) is launched. (Landsat 8 launched recently )
IKONOS is launched 
Landsat by NASA
MapServer is an Open Source platform for publishing spatial data and interactive mapping applications to the web. Originally developed in the mid-1990's at the University of Minnesota. MapServer is not a full-featured GIS system.
IKONOS: commercial Erath Observation satellite. 1st to collect publicly available high resolution imagery at 1 and 4 m resolution by Space Imaging (USA?)

39. Implementation technology evolving Broader application areas
GIS Today and Future
Primary use of GIS is same (manage, and analyze data, and communicate information)
Implementation technology evolving
Broader application areas
Broad adoption of GIS – at everyone's desk, PDA, cell phone, etc.

40. GIS Today and Future Next generation satellites
High resolution satellite RS, high storage capacity, super high capacity network, real time data availability and display (continuous sensor derived data at web portal), future predictive modeling display
New application areas: GIS as methodology for the analysis on spheres*
Other planets
Human brain
* Ron Briggs UT Dallas, 2007

41. So… How will you model the Computer for the year 2060
Scientists from the RAND corporation have created this model in 1954 to illustrate how a “Home Computer “ could look like in the year 2004.
So… How will you model the Computer for the year 2060 41

42. Summary
As far as basic principles are concerned, GIS is not a new technology
Computer-based GIS is in use since late 1960s
Computer hardware developed the capacity to provide cartographic output
Computer systems become more robust in terms of speed and memory
Computers become cheaper and smaller
From 2-D map display to 3-D visualization to 4-D incorporation of time to 5, 6, 7-D incorporation of touch, sound and smell
Touch: pressure, temperature, texture
Sound: noise mapping
Smell: …

43. Reference http://www.gisdevelopment.net/history/index.htm
c27/Topic27.htm#Early
Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization by Michael Friendly August 24,2009: stone.pdf
Most of the slides are taken from Prof. Maria Antonia Brovelli’s lecture notes.