1. The Endocrine System

2. Major Endocrine Organs

3. Endocrine Organs of the Brain
pineal gland
hypothalamus
Major Regions of the Brain
pituitary gland

4. Pineal Gland Produces melatonin
High levels at night make us sleepy; low level during day
Pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light
Function in regulating circadian rhythms (sleep, body temp, appetite)  biological clock

5. The Pituitary Gland

6. Posterior Pituitary

7. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

8. Oxytocin
(+ feedback)
loop
oxytocin

9. Anterior Pituitary

10. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropins (FSH, LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH)

11. Growth Hormone (GH) Stimulates protein building
Stimulates cell growth (cell size and number), especially in muscle and bone.
Also stimulates fat breakdown.

12. GH Levels
awake
sleep
strenuous exercise

13. Dwarfism hyposecretion of GH Little People Big World
Kenadie - worlds smallest girl due to primordial dwarfism

14. Gigantism hypersecretion of GH
Bao Xishun, a 7ft 8.95in herdsman from Inner Mongolia

15. Acromegaly
hypersecretion of GH
7 ft 1 ¼ inches

16. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Acts on the thyroid gland, stimulating it to release T3 & T4
These thyroid hormones increase glucose catabolism and body heat production.
Regulated via negative feedback

17. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Acts on the adrenal cortex, stimulating it to secrete glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol).
Helps make glucose from amino acids and fatty acids

18. The Thyroid Gland
larynx
thyroid
trachea

19. Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid gland selectively uptakes iodine to produce T3 & T4
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Both control metabolic rate and cellular oxidation
Calcitonin - lowers blood Ca2+ levels and causes Ca2+ reabsorption in bone

20. Goiter
Lack of iodine in diet
hyposecretion of T3 & T4

21. Cretinism
hyposecretion of T3 & T4

22. Myxedema hyposecretion of T3 & T4
After thyroid treatment
myxedema

23. Exophthalmos- hyperthyroidism

24. Parathyroid Glands

25. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
PTH release:
stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone

26. The Pancreas

27. Pancreas: Regulates glucose uptake by cells
Controlled via negative feedback: insulin & glucagon
Blood sugar level: 90 mg/mL

29. Adrenal Glands

31. Cushing’s Syndrome
Hypersecretion of cortisone; may be caused by a releasing tumor in pituitary
Symptoms: trunkal obesity and moon face, emotional instability
Treatment: removal of adrenal gland and hormone replacement

32. Addison’s Disease
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids;
Symptoms- wt loss, fatigue, dizziness, changes in mood and personality, low levels of plasma glucose and Na+ levels, high levels of K+
Treatment- corticosteroid replacement therapy
Addison’s Disease is characterized by the withering of the adrenal glands, which produce adrenaline and other hormones. Symptoms include fatigue, dizziness, muscle weakness, weight loss, difficulties standing up, nausea, sweating and changes in mood and personality. Autoimmune disease

33. Thymus Located anterior to the heart
Produces- thymopoetin and thymosin helps direct maturation and specialization of T-lymphocytes (immunity)

34. Gonads
Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesteroneresponsible for maturation of the reproductive organs and 2ndary sex characteristics in girls at puberty
ovary

35. Female Reproductive System

36. Gonads
Testes- produce sperm and testosterone (initiates maturation of male repro organs and 2ndary sex characteristics in boys at puberty)

37. INQUIRY A disease in which too much T3 and T4 are produced.
The posterior pituitary produces which two hormones and what is their function?
What is acromegaly?
What organ does glucagon target?
The target tissue for gonadotropins is ____.
Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on your bones?