1. BY Deena Mostafa El-maleh Lecturer of geriatrics & gerontology
Demography of Aging BY
Deena Mostafa El-maleh
Lecturer of geriatrics & gerontology

2. What is demography
Global Aging Trends
Demography of Aging in the United States
Life Expectancy
Socioeconomic Status and Employment
Education and Literacy
The Older Foreign-Born Population
Marital Status and Living Arrangements
Trends in Health, Functioning, and Mortality
Trends in Disability and Disability Accommodation
Assisted-Living Facilities and Nursing Facilities
Situation in EYGPT

3. What is demography
Demography is the study of human population dynamics. It includes the study of the size, structure and distribution of populations, and how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration, and aging. 
Three major factors driving demographics of a population are:
birth (fertility) rates: Average number of children born per woman by the end of their childbearing years
life expectancy: (Life expectancy =average age at death). Life span (maximum possible attainable age) is thought to be around 120 years.
immigration rates

4. Global Aging Trends

5. As a result of declining fertility and mortality rates, the world today is experiencing population aging (greying of population). According to the United Nations, by 2050 the number of older adults (≥60 yr old) will exceed the number of young for the first time in history. Individuals ≥80 yr are the fastest-growing age group in the world Increasing at a rate of 3.8% per year. The number of older adults is increasing faster in developing countries than in more developed countries (between 2006 and 2030, projected to increase by 140% vs. 50%, respectively) Given the speed of population aging, developing countries will have less time to prepare for consequences associated with this demographic shift. For example, older adults’ workforce participation rates tend to be higher in less developed countries, where pension systems are less likely to be established.

6. Causes and effects of population aging
Causes: -decreased mortality , increased life expectancy (life span It is determined by human biology and has not changed.) -decreased fertility rates ( in developed countries). -immigration rates: Overall effect is much less than fertility and mortality rates , Effect more on ethnic diversity than population aging. The growth of the older population has resulted from a general increase in the overall population size but has been particularly affected by major declines in several of the leading causes of mortality. The increased survival of older persons has also been accompanied by declining birth rates; so the proportion of the population aged 65 years and older has increased dramatically and will continue to increase for the next 50 years.

7. Effects:
These demographic transformations have an effect on society that goes beyond the increased medical care needs as economic and social impacts, which can affect a country’s future development.
Economic Impacts:
-Increasing share of the workforce will be past age 60. Older workers are considered less productive than younger ones, raising the issue of whether an aging workforce will also be a less productive one. 
-The economy would grow more slowly, as less money is being spent on things to help the economy grow; instead it’s being spent on retirement homes

8. Social Impacts
-Demand for unpaid family carers
-Children have to work to help support their large families
-There aren’t enough houses for everyone, so people are forced to live in makeshift houses
Health care impacts:
-Health care services are stretched ( requirments , expenses, medicare)

9. DEMOGRAPHY OF AGING IN THE US

10. Aging of US population
During the 20th century, the US population <65 yr old tripled, while the group ≥65 yr old increased by a factor of more than 11, growing from 3.1 million in 1900 to 36.8 million in This group is anticipated to more than double again by the middle of the next century, to 82 million people, with most of this growth occurring between 2010 and 2030.

11. Regional distribution of US population
Half of people ≥65 yr live in 9 states, led by California, Florida, New York, and Texas
Older adults disproportionately live in urban or suburban areas

12. Ethnic distribution of US population
Between 2004 and 2050:
The proportion of adults 65 yr who are minorities will more than double, from 18% to 39%
The older black American population will increase by 50%
The older Asian American and Hispanic American populations will triple
The number of older Hispanic Americans is projected to exceed that of older blacks by 2050

13. Life expectancy

14. In the United States, the average life expectancy is currently highest for white women, followed by that for black women and white men, who have nearly identical life expectancies, and that of black men. Women who survive to age 65 can, on average, expect to live to age 85, and those surviving to age 85 can expect to live to age 92.
Up to age 85, the life expectancy of white American men and women exceeds that of their black counterparts. At age 85, these racial differences in life expectancy largely disappear.
The exact number of centenarians in the United States is difficult to know, but their numbers are growing and are expected to exceed 800,000 by 2050.

15. Socioeconomic status
About 10% of older adults are poor (have incomes below the federal poverty level)
About 7% are classified as “near poor,” ie, with an income between the poverty level and 125% of that level
About 7.5 million older adults are enrolled in both Medicare and Medicaid (“dual eligibles”)
For impoverished seniors (who generally have an income well below the poverty line), Medicaid plays a key role in filling in the gaps in Medicare by covering nursing-home care, other long-term care services, and health care services not covered by Medicare, as well as paying for Medicare premiums and cost-sharing.

16. Employment
Employment of older adults declined throughout most of the past century, but this trend reversed during the last 20 yr
Growth in the number of older adults who are employed is expected to continue because of higher levels of education and improvements in health which afforded greater numbers of older adults the opportunity to continue to work.
In 2005, an estimated 5.3 million older adults were working or actively seeking work
About 1 in 5 older men
About 1 in 10 older women

17. Education & Literacy
Despite gains in education level, older adults still rank below working-age adults:
Far lower education and literacy levels
Half as likely to have a personal computer and use the Internet
Lower average levels of health literacy
Education is closely related to lifetime economic status, and many studies have shown that individuals with more education generally enjoy better health and lower rates of disability .