2. 6 Unifying Themes of Biology:
Cell Structure and Function
Stability and Homeostasis
Reproduction and Inheritance
Evolution
Interdependence of Organisms
Matter, Energy and Organization

3. 1. Cellular Structure and Function:
Cells:
The smallest unit capable of life functions
Unicellular:
Single cell that performs all of life's functions
Multicellular:
More than one cell with division of labor
Humans bodies are made of more than 50 trillion cells

4. What is a Cell?
Small, highly organized and contains the materials to carry out life's processes.
2 WAYS ALL CELLS ARE SIMILAR:
Surrounded with a membrane
Have genetic information
Differentiation:
Process by which cells in a multicellular organism become different. (DOES NOT HAPPEN IN UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS)

5. 2. Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in spite of the external environment
Required for survival
The elephant's ears are important for cooling. Elephants do not have sweat glands, so they an alternative way to remove excess heat from their bodies. The ears are very thin, and have many blood vessels. As the elephant moves its ears, the surrounding air absorbs some of the heat, cooling the blood by as much as ten degrees Fahrenheit. By flapping their ears, they keep a stream of cooler air moving over their ears, carrying away more heat.

6. 3. Reproduction and Inheritance:
Asexual Reproduction
-Doesn’t involve the union of GAMETES
(sex cells)
Example: Bacteria
Sexual Reproduction
-Involves the union of sex cells
Sperm + Egg = Zygote  Embryo

7. HEREDITY
DNA -Genetic information is found on Double helix nucleic acid
Gene
- Short segment of DNA that carries the code for various proteins and other substances
Inheritance
-The acquisition of traits by offspring

8. 4. EVOLUTION: The theory that organisms evolve or change over time.
Natural Selection:
-survival of the fittest (*)
Adaptation:
-A trait that increases an organisms chance of surviving in it’s environment.

10. 5. Interdependence ECOSYSTEMS
ECOLOGY: The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment
ECOSYSTEMS
The biotic and abiotic characteristics interacting

11. 6. Matter, Energy and Organization
Autotroph:
-An organism that is able to produce it’s own food
Heterotroph:
-An organism that cannot make it’s own food

12. What do I know?

15. CELLS:
Cells are the basic structure of life
Organisms may be:
UNICELLULAR:
Single cell performs all of life’s functions
MULTICELLULAR:
Division of labor; Cells perform specific functions to support the organism

16. 2. Organization Cells are built from organized structures: ORGANELLES
Multicellular organism show COMPLEXITY
Cell – tissue – organ – organ system - organism

17. 3) Use energy: All organisms use energy in METABOLISM
The sum of all the chemical processes in an organism
Use energy to:
Maintain organization
Grow
Reproduce

18. 4) Respond to the environment:
RESPONSE – A reaction to a stimulus
BEHAVIOR – A complex set of responses to a stimulus

19. 5. Reproduce:
1. ASEXUAL
2. SEXUAL
6. Adapt:
ADAPTATIONS are those traits that give an organism a better chance of survival in it’s environment.

20. 7) Growth:
CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
CELL ENLARGEMENT

21. 8) Have a LIFE CYCLE

22. III. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD:
A series of steps that are followed to answer questions and/or solve problems.

23. A.Observation and data collection:
The use of one or more senses to perceive objects or events

24. DATA COLLECTION: SAMPLING:
Gathering and Recording of specific information based on observations
*Ask a question or Recognize a problem
SAMPLING:
Collecting a small representative portion of the population

25. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23
Kinds of Information
Scientific information can usually be classified into one of two main types, quantitative or qualitative.
Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

26. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23
Quantitative information
Biologists sometimes conduct controlled experiments that result in counts or measurements—that is, numerical data.
These kinds of experiments occur in quantitative research. The data are analyzed by comparing numerical values.
Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

27. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23
Quantitative information
Paramecium Survival Rates
Quantitative data may be used to make a graph
or table.
Number of paramecia surviving
Temperature
Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

28. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23
Quantitative information
Graphs and tables communicate large amounts of data in a form that is easy to understand.
Paramecium Survival Rates
Number of paramecia surviving
Temperature
Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

29. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23
Qualitative information
Observational data—that is, written descriptions of what scientists observe—are often just as important in the solution of a scientific problem as numerical data.
When biologists use purely observational data, they are using qualitative information.
Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

30. Data Organization:
Recording data in a meaningful format that is easier to understand and analyze
Charts
Graphs
Tables
Maps

31. Establishing a Hypothesis:
A proposed explanation of a phenomenon
Must be testable
Typically based on previous observations that are not satisfactorily explained by current theory

32. The process of testing a hypothesis in a repeatable fashion
C. Experimenting:
The process of testing a hypothesis in a repeatable fashion
CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS:
Experiments that allow for comparison of a control and experimental group
EXPERIMENTAL - Group your testing
CONTROL - Group your comparing the experimental group with

33. Controlled Experiments
Independent Variable:
Factor that being tested or manipulated
The Independent variable is not included in the control
DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
One main factor of the control and experimental group being measured
“responding variable”

34. Controlled Experiment
experimental
control

35. How will grass grow in Pittsburgh???
KEEP THE ROOTS WARM

36. D. Analyzing Data:
Determining whether data are reliable and whether they support or refute a given prediction or hypothesis
using statistics,
interpreting graphs,
determining relationships between variables,
comparing the data of other studies,
determining sources of experimental error

37. Inferring: Inference:
A conclusion based on facts or premises rather than a direct observation.
Example: You see smoke, so you infer that a fire is occurring.
CONCLUSION:
A final determination of the problem based on the results of all findings.

38. Question 1
What is the difference between a hypothesis and an observation?
Section 2 Check

39. A hypothesis is an explanation for a question or problem and can be formally tested. An observation is something that has been noticed, often generating questions that lead to the formation of a hypothesis.
Section 2 Check

40. Question 2
Which of the following is the group in an experiment in which all conditions are kept the same?
A. standard
B. independent variable
C. experimental
D. control
Section 2 Check

41. The answer is D. Conditions are kept the same in the control group
The answer is D. Conditions are kept the same in the control group. The experimental group is the test group.
Section 2 Check

42. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

43. THEORY-
Created when a hypothesis explains why things occur and continues to be supported by evidence gathered from other experiments
(the most probable explanation for something)
EX: BIG BANG THEORY, THEORY OF EVOLUTION

44. LAW-
Created when a hypothesis describes how things happen is continually supported by the data of other experiments
(the definite why something happens)
EX; LAWS OF MOTION

45. Question 3
A scientist conducts an experiment to test the effect of light on plant growth. In each experiment, three plants of the same variety are each given 10 mL of water. One plant is exposed to full sunlight for 8 hours, one is exposed to full sunlight for 4 hours, and one plant is kept in a dark room. Plant height is measured after two weeks. What is the independent variable in this experiment?
Section 2 Check

46. Question 3 What is the independent variable in this experiment?
A. soil volume
B. amount of sunlight
C. plant height
D. amount of water
Section 2 Check

47. The answer is B. The independent variable is the condition that is changed. In this case, the amount of sunlight is changed for each plant. Plant heights are measured results of the experiment, so plant height is the dependent variable.
Section 2 Check

48. Question 4
Compare the terms "theory" and "principle".
Section 2 Check

49. A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence. A principle is a fact of nature, generally known to be true, such as the law of gravity.
Section 2 Check

50. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23
Can science answer all questions?
Some questions are simply not in the realm of science.
Such questions may involve decisions regarding good versus evil, ugly versus beautiful, or similar judgements.
Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

51. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23
Can technology solve all problems?
Scientific study that is carried out mainly for the sake of knowledge—with no immediate interest in applying the results to daily living—is called pure science.
Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

52. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23
Can technology solve all problems?
Other scientists work in research that has
obvious and immediate applications.
Technology is the application of scientific research to society’s needs and problems.
Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

53. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23
Can technology solve all problems?
Science and technology will never answer all of the questions we ask, nor will they solve all of our problems.
Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23

54. Question 5
Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative information.
Section 3 Check

55. Quantitative information can be expressed numerically, and may also be used to generate graphs or tables in order to communicate data clearly. Qualitative information is not expressed numerically. Observational data and written descriptions of what scientists observe, are qualitative information.
U.S. Students Enrolled
in Physical Education
Male
Female
Section 3 Check

57. E. MICROSCOPES 1. Important Terms
Tool used to make enlarged images of microscopic organisms/cells.
1. Important Terms
Magnification-
the “power” of the scope to increase an objects apparent size

58. The amount of area that can be seen at any given time
Field of View-
The amount of area that can be seen at any given time

60. Resolution-
Refers to the ability to show detail clearly.

61. The varying distances that the object is away from the microscope lens
Depth of View-
The varying distances that the object is away from the microscope lens

62. The power of the eyepiece X the power of the objective lens
Total Magnification-
The power of the eyepiece X the power of the objective lens
EYEPIECE
OBJECTIVE LENS
TOTAL MAG.

63. 2. Types of Microscopes: A. Light - light passes through specimen
B. Stereoscope - used to view macro-objects
C. Electron- electrons bounced off/passed through specimen

67. B. Stereoscope: (10X-60X)
-Used to observe larger organisms
-Often used when dissecting

69. C. Electron Microscope: (up to 2 million x)
-Uses a beam of electrons focused on magnets to produce enlarged image
-Specimens are coated with gold
-Disadvantages:
Cannot be used on living organisms
Expensive
Not in color
Not seeing the actual specimen

70. Types of Electron Microscopes
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Scanning Tunneling Electron Microscope

71. SEM
TEM

75. MEASUREMENT

76. DERIVED UNITS
Units based on the mathematical relationship between 2 derived units or 2 base units.

77. Question 6 Which of the following is an SI unit? A. foot B. pound
C. second
D. yard
Section 3 Check

78. The answer is C. Second is the SI unit of time.
SI Base Units
Measurement
Unit
Symbol
Length
meter m
Mass
kilogram kg
Time
second s
Electric current
ampere A
Temperature
kelvin K
Amount of substance
mole
mol
Intensity of light
candela cd
Section 3 Check

79. Conversion Practice
EXAMPLES
cm to in
L to gal
Km to m

80. Review For Exam!