1. Teradata Join Processing
Center of Excellence
Data Warehousing
Wipro Technologies

2. Join Processing Rows to be joined must be on the same AMP.
For join processing, copies of some or all of the rows may have to be moved to a common AMP.
Join plans
Product join.
Merge join
Nested join

3. Join Processing General scenarios:
Join column is the PI of both the tables.
Join column is PI of one of the tables.
Join column is not a PI of either of the table.

4. Case 1- PI of both the tables
Rows taking part in the join are already in the same AMP.
No data movement is necessary.
Rows are already in sorted order (within the block)
This is the best case scenario.

5. Case 2 - PI of one of the tables
One table has its rows on the target AMP.
Rows of the other table need to be redistributed to their target AMPs by the hash code of the join column value.
If the table is small optimizer may choose to duplicate the table on all AMPs

6. Case 3 - not a PI of either of the table
Rows of both the tables need to redistributed to their target AMPs by the hash code of the join column value.
Optimizer might choose to duplicate the smaller table on all AMPs.
This join scenario involves maximum number of data movement.

7. Nested Join Optimizer choose this join strategy when
An equality value for a unique index (UPI or USI) on table 1.
A join on a column of that single row to any index on table 2.
This joining uses minimum system resource PI
USI
NUSI
2 AMPs
3 AMPs
4 AMPs
ALL AMPs
1 OR MORE ROWS RETURNED
1 ROW RETURNED
UPI , data column
USI , data column
data value =

8. Product Join Most general for of join
Optimizer chooses product join in following conditions
WHERE clause is missing.
Join condition is not based on equality condition.
Join conditions are ORed together.
Table alias are incorrectly used.
Optimizer determines that it is less expensive than other join types.
Identify the smaller table duplicate it in spool on all AMPs. Join each spool row of the smaller table to every row of the larger table.

9. Merge Join
Commonly done when the join conditions are based on equality.
Generally more efficient than Product Join as number of row comparisons are less.
Steps
Identify the smaller table.
Put the qualifying rows from one or both table into spool.
Move the spool rows to the AMPs based on join column hash (if required).
Sort the spool rows by join column hash value (if necessary).
Compare those rows with matching join column hash values.

10. Merge Join Row Hash Col1 Col2…. 110A 111B 203C 110E Row Hash Col1 110A
210D

11. Example Table 1 Table 2 Col1 (PK) Col2 Col3 (FK) 100 P 600 200 Q 300 R
700
400 S
500 T X Y
800 Z
900 A
1000 B
2000 C
3000 D
4000 E
Col1 (PK)
Col2……
100 K
200 L
300 M
400 N
500 O
600 P
700 Q
800 R

12. Example
100 P 600
800 Z 500
1000 B 300
100 K
800 R
400 S 200
700 Y 300
2000 C 300
4000 E 200
400 N
700 Q
300 R 700
600 X 200
900 A 800
300 M
600 P
200 Q 600
500 T 500
3000 D 300
200 L
500 O

13. Row Distribution Strategy 1
No distribution needed.
No sorting needed.
Join columns of both the tables are PIs.
Rows involved in the join are located in the same AMP.

14. Case 1 - Example SELECT * FROM Table1 t1 INNER JOIN Table2 t2
ON t1.Col1 = t2.Col1
100 P 600
800 Z 500
1000 B 300
100 K
800 R
400 S 200
700 Y 300
2000 C 300
4000 E 200
400 N
700 Q
300 R 700
600 X 200
900 A 800
300 M
600 P
200 Q 600
500 T 500
3000 D 300
200 L
500 O

15. Row Distribution Strategy 2
Distributing and sorting one of the table on join column row hash.
Join column is PI of one of the tables.
One of the tables is already distributed on join Column Row Hash.
Optimizer redistributes one of the tables and sort on join column row hash.

16. Case 2 – Example SELECT * FROM Table1 t1 INNER JOIN Table2 t2
ON t1.Col3 = t2.Col1
100 P 600
800 Z 500
1000 B 300
100 K
800 R
400 S 200
700 Y 300
2000 C 300
4000 E 200
400 N
700 Q
300 R 700
600 X 200
900 A 800
300 M
600 P
200 Q 600
500 T 500
3000 D 300
200 L
500 O
900 A 800
100 K
800 R
300 R 700
400 N
700 Q
1000 B 300
3000 D 300
Y 300
2000 C 300
Q 600
100 P 600
300 M
600 P
600 X 200
S 200
4000 E 200
Z 500
500 T 500
200 L
500 O S P OO L

17. Row Distribution Strategy 3
Duplicating and sorting the smaller table on all AMPs and locally building the larger table and sorting it.
Optimizer considers this strategy if it finds redistributing a larger table is more expensive than duplicating a the smaller table.

18. Case 2 – Example S P O L 100 P 600 800 Z 500 1000 B 300 100 K 800 R
700 Y 300
2000 C 300
4000 E 200
400 N
700 Q
300 R 700
600 X 200
900 A 800
300 M
600 P
200 Q 600
500 T 500
3000 D 300
200 L
500 O
1000 B 300
100 P 600
800 Z 500
100 K
200 L
300 M
400 N
500 O
600 P
700 Q
800 R
S 200
4000 E 200
700 Y 300
2000 C 300
600 X 200
300 R 700
900 A 800
3000 D 300
500 T 500
200 Q 600 S P O L

19. Row Distribution Strategy 4
Duplicate the smaller table on every AMP.
Optimizer chooses this strategy the join condition is not based on equality.
Product join scenario.

20. Explain Facility
Provides an English translation of the steps chosen by the optimizer.
Very helpful to estimate the performance of complex queries.
Helps physical designers in their index selection by providing the execution strategy chosen by the optimizer.

21. Explaining the EXPLAIN
Generally EXPLAIN outputs are clear and easy to understand however it contains few phrases one needs to be familiar with.
“….with no residual conditions…” : There is no residual conditions other than the conditions used locate the row.
“..eliminating duplicates..” : DISTINCT operation being done.
“…we do a SMS…” : Set manipulations like UNION, EXCEPT are being done.
“…we do a BMSMS…” : NUSI Bit mapping being used.
“…distributed by hash code to all AMPs…”
“…duplicated on all AMPs…”

22. Statistics
Optimizer needs demographic information to create best execution plan for a query.
Number of rows in the table.
Row size.
Number of rows per value.
Index information and demographics.
Based on the statistics optimizer estimates the cost and creates the best plan.
Statistics must be collected for the columns and indexes being accessed frequently.
If Statistics are not provided, optimizer does Dynamic Sampling (Random AMP).

23. Questions ?