1. T N Manoharan President, ICAI
International Standards and Practices for Accounting, Audit and Non-financial Disclosures
T N Manoharan
President, ICAI

2. IFRSs – Approach followed
IFRSs are principle-based standards.
The principle-based standards have distinct advantage that the transactions can not be manipulated easily to achieve a particular accounting.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), USA, is having a convergence project with the IASB and is broadly adopting the principle-based approach instead of rule-based approach.
IAS 17, Leases, distinguishes finance lease from operating lease based on principle of ‘substance over form’, whereas Corresponding US GAAPs lay down rules for making such distinction.
IAS 27, Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, lays down criteria of power to govern financial and operating policies for identification of subsidiaries. The corresponding US GAAPs lay down requirement for majority ownership of shares only.
In India, the Companies Act definition is based on either majority ownership or board control.

3. IFRSs – Approach followed (contd. …)
Substance Over Form
IFRSs lay down treatments based on the economic substance of various events and transactions rather than their legal form.
The application of this approach may result into events and transactions being presented in a manner different from their legal form.
To illustrate, as per IAS 32, preference shares that provide for mandatory redemption by the issuer are presented as a liability.
The dividend payable on cumulative redeemable preference shares is treated as expense and not as distribution of profits.

4. Non-financial Disclosures
As per the IASB Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements, the objective of financial statements is to provide information that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.
The Framework recognises financial statements do not provide all the information required for decisions.
To achieve, the objective the financial reports may include additional information in the form of non-financial disclosures.
Contd. …
Non-financial disclosure may include information about:
Nature of business
Objectives and strategies
Key resources, risks
Results and prospects, etc.

5. Non-financial Disclosures (contd. …)
Such disclosures are usually contained in Management Report.
To deal with the aspect, the IASB is developing a separate IFRS on Management Commentary.
Recently, a discussion paper on the subject has been issued.

6. Challenges of IFRSs Economic Environment
Some IFRSs require fair value approach to be followed, examples include:
IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
IAS 41, Agriculture
The markets of many economies such as India normally do not have adequate depth and breadth for reliable determination of fair values.
With a view to provide further guidance on the use of fair value approach, the IASB is developing a document.
Till date, no viable solution of objective fair value measures is available.

7. Challenges of IFRSs (contd. …)
SME concerns
SMEs face problems in implementing IFRSs because of:
Scarcity of resources and expertise with the SMEs to achieve compliance
Cost of compliance not commensurate with the expected benefits
Keeping in view the difficulties faced by the SMEs, the IASB is developing an IFRS for SMEs.
In India, exemptions/ relaxations have been provided to SMEs.
These exemptions/ relaxations are primarily related to disclosure requirements, though some exemptions/ relaxations from measurement principles have also been provided, e.g., AS 28, Impairment of Assets and AS 15, Employee Benefits.

8. Challenges of IFRSs (contd. …)
Training to Preparers
Some IFRSs are complex.
There is lack of adequate skills amongst the preparers and users of Financial Statements to apply IFRSs.
Proper implementation of such IFRSs requires extensive education of preparers
Interpretation
A large number of application issues arise while applying IFRSs.
There is a need to have a forum which may address the application issues in specific cases.
In India, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has constituted the Expert Advisory Committee to provide guidance on enterprise specific issues.

9. Convergence with IFRSs: Indian Perspective
Indian Accounting Standards (ASs) are formulated on the basis of the IFRSs.
While formulating ASs, the endeavor of the ICAI remains to converge with the IFRSs.
The ICAI has till date issued 29 ASs corresponding to IFRSs.
Some recent ASs, issued by the ICAI, are totally at par with the corresponding IFRSs, e.g., the Standards on ‘Impairment of Assets’ and ‘Construction Contracts’.

10. IFRSs: Indian perspective (contd. …)
While formulating Indian Accounting Standards, changes from the corresponding IAS/ IFRS are made only in those cases where these are unavoidable considering:
Legal and/ or regulatory framework prevailing in the country.
To reduce or eliminate the alternatives so as to ensure comparability.
State of economic environment in the country
Level of preparedness of various interest groups involved in implementing the accounting standards.
Level of preparedness: Example
Considering practical difficulties, the ASB has decided not to require mandatory adoption of the component approach prescribed in IAS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment.
Under the ‘components approach’, fixed assets are segregated into various significant components for the purpose of accounting, for example, for depreciation

11. Auditing Standards: Indian Perspective
Auditing Standards are codification of existing best practices in the area of auditing.
International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) are issued by the IAASB of IFAC.
In India, the ICAI formulates Auditing and Assurance Standards (AASs).
Basic Considerations behind AASs formulation
Harmonization with ISAs, to the extent possible – a Membership obligation for ICAI
Applicable laws in India.
Customs, usages & business environment in India.

12. Auditing Standards: Indian Perspective (contd. …)
Scope of AASs
Apply whenever independent audit carried out.
Apply irrespective of size, legal form or commercial motives of the client.
May appropriately apply to other functions of auditors.
Authority Attached to AASs
Mandatory compliance by members of ICAI.
Material departures from AASs to be brought out in the report

13. Thank you