1. The New Nation Takes Form
The press and the
founding of a nation

2. Looking back …
Chapter 2…

3. To his enemies he was tagged a "demon of discord":
Thomas Paine

4. He was the "master of the puppets" who pulled the strings igniting a war:
Samuel Adams

5. He was tagged "the penman of the American Revolution":
John Dickinson
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6. He the first to propose a "continental congress," where he became a passionate advocate of independence from Britain
Samuel Adams
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7. The first chain book store operator, providing colonists with the best literature available, attempted to be objective and fair in his Gazette, may have been a double agent during the war and published political pamphlets that influenced the course of the revolution.
James Rivington

8. Started the movement for women's emancipation, called for the abolition of slavery during the time of the America Revolution, advocated a tax to care for the elderly like modern social security
Thomas Paine

9. This band of men, strident enemies of objective journalism, reported to Samuel Adams
Sons of Liberty

10. What political ideas began to dominate newspapers before the Revolution?
Tory, Whig, Patriot
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11. He wrote the highly successful and influential pamphlet titled Common Sense.
Thomas Paine
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12. A new independent nation
Patriots? Mutineers? Traitors? Unified ideology?
After the Revolution, powerful men exploited the power of the press to shape public opinion and the direction of the nation and its politics.
This was a time of great change.
Since the end of the Revolution, America had existed as a confederation, but the 1780s marked a new era in politics and journalism.

13. It’s not like it happened quickly…
Europeans settlers had been living in America for more than 250 years by the time independence from England was declared.
Although the colonists were subjects of the British crown, the colonies functioned more or less independently and thus had extensive experience in self-government.
Many towns held meetings to discuss public business, for example, and residents had some input into their colonies’ governments.

14. Some major steps…
1607 First permanent British colony at Jamestown, Virginia
1620 Pilgrims land in Massachusetts
1620–1732 Founding of the thirteen colonies; colonists govern themselves and develop idea of limited government
1641 Massachusetts Body of Liberties passed; it protects rights of individuals
1764 Sugar Act taxes sugar / Stamp Act taxes a variety of goods / Boston Massacre / Boston Tea Party

15. Some major steps… 1775 Revolutionary War begins
1776 Second Continental Congress convenes; Declaration of Independence is written
1781 Ratification of the Articles of Confederation
1783 Treaty of Paris ends the Revolutionary War

16. Some major steps…wars ... 1754 – 1763 French and Indian War
April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783 – Revolutionary War
1786 – Shays' Rebellion -- armed uprising in Massachusetts. Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels in an uprising against perceived economic and civil rights injustices.

17. Some major steps…wars ... Shays' Rebellion: Rebellion was crushed
Problems of Federal authority linked to the Articles of Confederation spur U.S. Constitutional Convention

18. Two Party System
During the Revolution, the Tory party had disappeared as a political force.
Now, among a deeply divided people still not certain whether they had traded British rule for control by an American aristocracy—and even more uncertain about how to govern themselves
Chap. 2 description of newspaper ideological battles and increased sales – sound familiar?

19. Two Party System
Two new sides had formed: the Federalists, or Hamiltonians, who wanted a strong, centralized federal government, and the Anti-Federalists, or or Jeffersonians, who held to the sentiment of Thomas Paine, “that government is best which governs least.”
A two-party system was emerging, and a bitter power struggle was under way.

20. Some major steps…wars ...
1786 Annapolis Convention calls on Congress to convene a meeting to fix the Articles of Confederation – loosely joined independent states.
1787 Constitutional Convention
1787–1789 Battle to ratify the Constitution
1789 Constitution ratified; the new United States government takes power

21. Chapter 3
After the Revolutionary War, the colonists had to form a government with the press playing a very awkward role by today’s standards.

22. The Press and the Founding of a Nation
The issue: Washington’s, Adam’s and Jefferson’s philosophy of free freedom and how they used the press as a political instrument.

23. Understand from Chap. 3 What the Revolution Did and Did Not Do
Competing Political Philosophies in Competing Newspapers
The Role of the Party
The Role of the Press
The Presidents and the Press

24. The Revolution: It Did Not
Eliminate control from the elite
Eliminate less democratic practices
Eliminate property requirements for voting
Eliminate the upper chamber of state legislators from blocking demands of the majority

25. The Revolution: It Did Do
Government derived power from consent of the governed
Middling ranks of society gain office
Elected assemblies gain control
Election of legislators
Bills of rights preface constitutions
Public discussions

26. Directions for a Nation
Continue to experiment with social change
Make right of property the fundamental consideration
Arrangements to do both

27. Struggle for Control
Merchants, bankers, manufacturers who wanted to preserve the economic advantage
Small farmers, city wage earners, intellectuals, philosophers who wanted social reform

28. Who is called the “Father of the Constitution” and “Father of the Bill of Rights?10
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
John Jay
Benjamin Franklin

29. Who is called the “Father of the Constitution” and “Father of the Bill of Rights?10
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
John Jay
Benjamin Franklin
Because of his pivotal role in the document's drafting as well as its ratification. Madison also drafted the first 10 amendments

30. The U.S. Constitution Supporters Federalists
Bill of Rights not necessary
Opponents
Anti-Federalists
Bill of Rights necessary

31. How many freedom are guaranteed in the First Amendment?10 3 4 5 6 7

32. The Bill of Rights Five -- They are: Freedom of the press
Freedom of speech
Freedom of religion
Right to assemble
Right to petition the government

33. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist
HAMILTON
JEFFERSON

34. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist
HAMILTON
Favored a strong Federal Government
Pushed for an economy in which trade, finance and manufacturing supplemented agriculture
Feared closer relations with France and was an Anglophile
Wanted the U.S. to have a professional federal army
Today this would be…
JEFFERSON
Argued strongly for states’ rights
Admired framing and the simple, rural life and hoped America would remain an agrarian nation
Favored warm, fraternal relations with France and was an Anglophobe
Thought the country should rely on state militias
Today this would be…

35. The Dark Days of Journalism
Anti-Federalists Editor
Philip Freneau
Anti-Federalists Newspaper
National Gazette
Chief Contributor
Thomas Jefferson
Federalists Editor
John Fenno
Federalists Newspaper
Gazette of the United States
Chief Contributor
Alexander Hamilton

36. The Role of the Party Press
Act as spokesman of a political ideology and improve what the politician said.
Thus, political leaders had what they would never enjoy again: separate worlds for what they said and what they published.

37. Political Reporting in Party Press Era
No clear model from old world on how to report public discourse
The craft remained personal and eclectic
Reporters believed they would prosper as their craft made government virtuous
Sectional distrust aided reporters

38. The Press as a Political Instrument
Promote political ideals
Support party principles
Defend the party and its politicians
Provide information
Influence public opinion
Preach party line
Attack opponents
Provide a method of electioneering

39. Officials’ Attitudes Toward the Press
Public business was not transacted in print.
Supreme Court did not publish its decisions.
The Senate forbade members on the floor from reading any printed paper while a senator was speaking.
Congress did not preserve debates.

40. Summary so far
Newspapers were controlled by contending political parities and their leaders.
The scurrilous press reflected the times in that the American party political system was already producing lying, manipulating, cheating, violence, and other dismal attributes which have always gone had in hand with its virtues.

41. Summary
Newspapers reflected a nation that was still half civilized, violent, poorly educated, profoundly uncertain of how its newly devised political system ought to work and deeply divided still on exactly what form the system should take.
The nation’s editors were not in the hands of talented writers or publishers.

42. He established what became, in effect, the official organ of the Federalist administration:
Alexander Hamilton

43. Freedom to criticize an incumbent president without suffering retributio, the ability to obtain information about government activities openly through sources , the ability to manage the press , and leaking information to the press as characteristics of a twentieth-century press emerged during whose presidency?
George Washington’s

44. What early president was a firm believer in "managed news" , refused to use the press as a personal political weapon , was ambivalent toward the press and was vilified by the opposition press ?
George Washington

45. He said: " and were it left to me to decide whether we should have the government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter":
Thomas Jefferson

46. Who edited a paper to counter Alexander Hamilton's Federalist mouthpiece?
Philip Freneau

47. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
These acts from the U.S. government in 1798 were designed to silence political dissent:
Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

48. Like Washington, this early U. S
Like Washington, this early U.S. president believed the press ought to present American in the best possible light:
John Adams

49. The essays that established Alexander Hamilton as the leader of the Federalists:
Federalists Papers

50. This was the role of the reporter during the early nineteenth century:
To improve what the politician said

51. His editorials running in the same place in every edition were the prototype of the editorial page in America:
Noah Webster

52. Establishing press freedom
The philosophies of press freedom by our first three presidents (our Founding Fathers).

53. Which president believed in managing the news?10
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
John Quincy Adams

54. Which president believed in managing the news?
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
John Quincy Adams  10

55. George Washington’s Views of the Press
A simple ambivalence

56. George Washington
As a Virginia planter, saw the press as an advertising convenience
As a commander in the field, a source of information

57. George Washington
As president, supported a free press to provide information citizens needed to operate a
republic

58. Right to criticize government officials
Characteristics of 20th Century Free Press That Developed with George Washington
Right to criticize government officials
Right to obtain information about government
Ability of president to manage the news and its press

59. Which president thought the duty of the press was to present America in the best possible light?10
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
John Qunicy Adams

60. John Adams Press ought to present America in the best possible light
Public silence in spite of newspaper attacks

61. Which president advocated a free press but believed in restrictions on the press?10
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
John Quincy Adams

62. Thomas Jefferson
“And were it left to me to decide whether we should have the government without newspapers, or newspapers with a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.”

63. Which peoples were considered terrorists from 1798 to 1800?10
English
Spanish
French
Germans
Italians

64. Which peoples were considered terrorists from 1798 to 1800?10
English
Spanish
French
Germans
Italians

65. The Patriot Act of the 18th Century
The Alien and Sedition Act of 1798
Naturalization Law
Required immigrants to resident in the U.S. for 14 years instead of 5

66. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
Alien Enemies Law
Gave the president the legal right to expel those the government considered “dangerous.”

67. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
Curtailed criticism of government

68. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
The Rider
Truth should be a complete defense in libel cases

69. Test of Press Freedom: Harry Croswell Trial
Background
Published The Wasp, a weekly.
Reported that Jefferson paid James Callender, a Richmond Editor, to spread the word that Washington has been a robber, traitor, and perjurer.

70. Test of Press Freedom:Harry Croswell Trial
Background
Indicted on a charge of libeling the President.
Found guilty and appealed to the State Supreme Court.

71. Test of Press Freedom: Harry Croswell Trial
Argument by Alexander Hamilton
Truth should be a complete defense in libel cases.
Jury should determine both law and fact of a case.

72. Test of Press Freedom: Harry Croswell Trial
Significance
New York Legislature passed law providing truth to be admitted in defenses.
Jury given the right to determine law and fact.
Other states followed.
Supreme Court rules that federal government could not prosecute under the old law.

73. Sedition
The real and obvious intent was to stifle the Anti-Federalist press, and of those arrested and convicted under the law, nearly all were Anti-Federalist editors.
A Newark man was fined $100 for wishing out loud that a cannon wadding would lodge in President Adams’ backside
A county official in New York was manacled and driven 200 miles to jail for making an anti-administration remark.

74. Sedition
In all, there were fourteen indictments under the Sedition Act.
Eleven trials resulted and eight of the convictions involved newspapers—all Anti-Federali

75. Impact of Party Press on American Journalism
Noah Webster, editor of American Minerva and Herald
Forerunner of the editorial page, running editorial in the same place in every edition
Published the first bulldog or updated edition

76. Impact of Party Press on American Journalism
William Cobbet, editor of Porcupine’s Gazette
Introduced investigative journalism to America

77. Summary
Alexander Hamilton and his Federalists, who advocated a strong central government won out over Thomas Jefferson and his Anti-Federalists, who argued for state’s rights.
Hamilton and Jefferson understood the growing power of the press and its usefulness in shaping public opinion

78. Summary
Washington, Adams and Jefferson had competing philosophies about the role of the press in a republic but believe a free press was important enough to be protected.

79. Next Chap. 4 A Press for the Masses
See outline for next writing assignment