1. Urban Land Use Models

2. 3 - Urban Land Use Models
Describe the structure of the central city areas.
Economic and technological advances have superseded the usefulness of these models but they still describe the basic physical structure of a city.
Common starting point is the CBD.
Models differ in how they explain the location and development of the city outside of the CBD.

3. Urban land use models Three main types of models:
Concentric zone model (Burgess 1920’s)
Sector model (Hoyt 1930’s)
Multiple-nuclei model (Harris and Ullman 1940’s)

4. Concentric zone model Burgess 1920’s
Views the urban area as a set of four nested rings:
1 – transition zone: deterioration of old residential area, now high-density, low-income ghettos.
2 – zone of “working people” residential area (older homes on small lots.
3 – single-family house zone: population wealthy enough to afford housing choice, and able to commute.
4 – commuter zone: low-density suburbs.

5. Burgess’s Concentric Model
CBD
Central Business District

6. CBD

7. Burgess’s Concentric Model
CBD
Central Business District
Inner City

8. Inner City/wholesale light manufacturing

9. Burgess’s Concentric Model
CBD
Central Business District
Inner City/wholesale light manufacturing
Inner Suburbs/old inner city

10. Inner Suburbs/old inner city

11. Burgess’s Concentric Model
CBD
Central Business District
Wholesale light manufacturing
Low class residential(old inner city area
Medium-class residential

12. Outer Suburbs/medium-class residential

13. Burgess’s Concentric Model
CBD
Outer Suburbs
Inner City
Inner Suburbs

14. Burgess’s Concentric Model

15. Modeling Cities: Burgess
1 CBD - businesses, highest land value 2 Transition Zone - poorest people, blue collar used to live here 3 Independent Workers - apartments, blue collar workers (walk to work) 4 White Collar Homes - horse and buggy, streetcars 5 Commuters - no daily contact (lettuce farmers); later trains allow many

16. Concentric zone model
In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core
The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning
Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern
This was the city Burgess used for his model
The actual map of the residential area does not exactly match his simplified concentric zones

18. Hoyt – The Sector Model

19. What is the Hoyt sector model?
Hoyt proposed the idea that towns grew as sectors or wedges.
Industry grew up in one part of a 19th century town, future industries would then develop in that sector.
As the town grew, so would the area of industry and therefore would grow out in a wedge shape.

20. Hoyt – his idea.

21. A –The Central Business District (CBD)
This area contains shops, offices, banks, etc.
Land is expensive, and this area has high rents and multi storey buildings as a consequence.
There is very little space and competition is high.
Congestion levels are high.
Vegetated areas are sparse.

22. B1- Zone of Transition (Twilight zone)
This contains old industries that have been positioned in this zone for many years.
Over the past 20 years, this industry has been non-profitable and has closed.
This has led to high-unemployment.
This area should be re-developed into modern business districts.

23. B2- Low class residential housing
This group is made up of old 19th century buildings. With no gardens.
Often referred to as ‘slums’. These were the buildings that were knocked down in the 1960’s to be replaced with high rise flats.
The poorest people in the settlement live here, but is now highly admired and the place to live now (due to gentrification).

24. C- Council Estates
Semi-detached housing is found here with no gardens.
These houses are built on large estates.
Less expensive private estates can also be found here.
Often described as ‘medium class residential’ or ‘inter-war’ areas.

25. D- Commuter zone
This is a high class residential area where private, quality housing can be found.
Detached and semi-detached housing can be built on cheaper land.
Often lots of garages, big gardens, and many out buildings can be found here.
Most people commute to work from this zone as it is furthest away from the centre.

26. E- Countryside Areas
In the countryside surrounding the urban area, those seeking to escape from the urban area can live in pleasant surroundings.
However, they are still close to work.
Many satellite villages and towns surround major urban areas allowing people to live further away from the main settlement.

27. Modeling Cities: Hoyt
Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads, rivers, or train routes.

28. Harris-Ullman – The Multiple Nuclei Model

29. Multiple-nuclei model
Large cities develop by the spread from several nodes, not just the one CBD.
Individual nodes with specific functions (industrial, commercial, residential) developed originally due to benefits from clustering next to similar activities

30. Multiple nuclei model The model has four geographic principles
Certain activities require highly specialised facilities
Accessible transportation for a factory
Large areas of open land for a housing tract
Certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual association
Certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same area
Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of the most desirable locations

31. Modeling Cities: Harris-Ullman
Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity, not a single CBD. Ports, airports, universities attract certain uses while repelling others.

32. Changes in Cities in the U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanisation and counterurbanisation
Developed Countries: suburbanisation
wealthy move to suburbs
automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’
better services
counterurbanisation
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

33. Latin American model
More complex because of influence of local cultures on urban development
Difficult to group cities of the developing world into one or two comprehensive models

35. Latin American model
In contrast to today’s cities in the U.S., the CBDs of Latin American cities are vibrant, dynamic, and increasingly specialized
A reliance on public transit that serves the central city
Existence of a large and relatively affluent population closest to CBD

36. Latin American model
Outside the CBD, the dominant component is a commercial spine surrounded by
the elite residential sector
These two zones are interrelated and called the spine/sector
Essentially an extension of the CBD down a major boulevard
Here are the city’s important amenities — parks, theaters, restaurants, and even golf courses
Strict zoning and land controls ensure continuation of these activities, protecting elite from incursions by low-income squatters

37. Latin American model Inner-city zone of maturity
Less prestigious collection of traditional colonial homes and upgraded self-built homes
Homes occupied by people unable to participate in the spine/sector
Area of upward mobility

38. Latin American model Zone of accretion
Diverse collection of house type, size and quality
Area of ongoing construction and change
Some neighborhoods have city-provided utilities
Other blocks must rely on water and butane delivery trucks for essential services

39. Latin American model Zone of peripheral squatter settlements
Where most recent migrants are found
Fringe contrasts with affluent and comfortable suburbs that ring North American cities
Houses often built from scavenged material

40. Latin American model Zone of peripheral squatter settlements
Surrounded by landscape bare of vegetation that was cut for fuel and building materials
Streets unpaved, open trenches carry wastes, residents carry water from long distances, electricity is often “pirated”
Residents who work have a long commute
Many are transformed through time into permanent neighborhoods

41. Changes in Cities in LEDCs
Populations of cities in LEDCs have been surging: urbanisation, migration, natural increase
Urbanisation in LEDCs:
driven by changes in economy
the poor live in the suburbs, rich live in CBD
cities struggle to provide jobs and housing
services overtaxed
squatter settlements common
crime on the rise
Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

42. Burgess’s Concentric Model
CBD
Central Business District 22
2222
Wholesale light manufacturing
Low class residential(old inner city area
High-class residential (modern suburbs)
Medium-class residential