The Digestive System: For Discussion: True or False?

The Digestive System: For Discussion: True or False?
1. Of all the organs, the stomach is most central to the structure and function of the digestive system. False 2. The liver is the 2nd-largest organ in the body. True The liver is the 2nd-most complicated organ in the body. True 4. The liver is the 3rd-most immediately vital organ in the body. True 5. The pancreas is the only organ of the human body that can regenerate. False 6. The large intestine is larger than the small intestine. False, except that is larger in diameter. It is much shorter. 7. The digestive system contains the hardest substance in the human body. True 8. The human appendix, like the human coccyx, is a vestigial organ. True

The Digestive System ACCESSORY GLANDS ALIMENTARY CANAL Mouth
Mechanical breakdown of food; begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates Salivary glands Secrete saliva, which contains enzymes that initiate breakdown of carbohydrates Pharynx Connects mouth with esphagus Esophagus Peristalsis pushes food to stomach Stomach Secretes acid (HCl) and enzymes. Mixes food with secretions to begin enzymatic digestion of proteins Liver Produces bile, which emulsifies fat Gallbladder Stores bile and introduces into small intestine Small Intestine Mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice. Final breakdown of food molecules; main site of nutrient absorption Pancreas Produces and secretes pancreatic juice, containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions, into small intestine Large Intestine Absorbs water and electrolytes to from feces Rectum Regulates elimination of feces Anus External sphincter

The Digestive System I. Alimentary Canal -__________ ________ _____ through which _____ passes from ______ to _____ continuous muscular tube food mouth anus A. Mouth -________ _____, _____ ______is ______, __________and __________ by _______ during ___________, provides for ___________ _________ along with ________ and ____ ________ receives food food bolus mixed positioned swallowed tongue mastication mechanical digestion tongue jaw muscles 1. Cheeks -contain ________ for ________ (_________ and __________) and ____________ of food in the _____ _______ (__________) muscles chewing masseter temporalis positioning oral cavity buccinator 2. Lips -made from ________ _______ (__________ ____) skeletal muscle orbicularis oris -_____- ________, many ________ _________, important in ________ ___________ and _______ of _____ thin skinned sensory receptors sensing temperature texture food -_________ ________ mark __________ between _____ of _____ and ________ __________ of __________ ______ external borders boundaries skin face mucous membranes alimentary canal

2. Lips Rx – Cold Sores -_______ by _______ _________ __ ______ caused Herpes Simplex I virus -_______ _____ and ________ ___________ during _____ ______, when it is ___________ infects skin mucous membranes lytic phase contagious -_______ ______ cell during its _______, making _________ __________, _________ by _______ infects nerve latency infection permanent triggered stress -_______ with _________, which _______ the ____________ ______ ________ and ________ treated Acylovir mimics nitrogenous bases adenine guanine 3. Tongue -most _________ ________ ________ in the _____, per _______ _____ powerful skeletal muscles body square inch -____ and ________ _____ between _____ during ________, ________ _____ toward the ________ during ____________ mix position food teeth chewing pushes food pharynx swallowing -________ with ________ ___________ and ______ ________, _____ of which ________ _______ and _____ of which ______ ______ _____ covered mucous membranes rough papillae some provide friction some house taste buds

A. Mouth Lingual tonsils Epiglottis Lip Hard palate Palatine
Soft palate Uvula Palatine tonsils Papillae Tongue Lingual frenulum Vestibule Lip

A. Mouth 4. Palate a. Hard palate -______ the _____ of the _____ ______ forms roof oral cavity -________ by the _______ of the ________ _________ of the ________ in the ______ and the ________ ______ in the ______ formed fusion palatine processes maxillae front palatine bones back b. Soft palate -_________ _____ which _______ from the _________ _____ _______ to _____ _____ and into the _____-______ _____ muscular arch extends posterior hard palate taper back cone shaped uvula -________ _____ ____ _______ and ______ up to ________ _____ from _________ the ______ _______ muscles draw soft palate uvula prevent food entering nasal cavity c. Tonsils -______ ______ __________ with ______ ___________ of ___________ _________ lymph nodes associated mucous membranes respiratory passages -_____ _______ ____ against ________ by ________ ___________ and ___________ help protect body infection harboring macrophages lymphocytes

-_______, _________, and ___________ (_________) lingual palatine
A. Mouth 4. Palate c. Tonsils -_______, _________, and ___________ (_________) lingual palatine pharyngeal adenoids Rx – Tonsilitis -_____ _______; ____________ of the _______ caused by _________ or ______ _________ sore throat inflammation tonsils bacterial viral infection -can _______ to cause _________ of the __________ = _____ ______ spread Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) infection middle ear otitis media Palatine tonsils -_______with __________, or ____________ treated antibiotics Lingual tonsils tonsilectomy 5. Teeth -________ __________ in the _____; ____ __________ ____ of ________ _______ hardest structures body not considered part skeletal system

-____ _____ _____during ____________ two sets form development
A. Mouth 5. Teeth -____ _____ _____during ____________ two sets form development -________ (__________) ______ _____ and ______ through the _____, or _______, between the ______ of __ ________ and __ ______ primary deciduous teeth form erupt gums gingiva ages 6 months 4 years -___ _______ _____ in _____ ____ _______ of __ _______ ________, __ ______ ________, __ _______ (_______), __ _____ _______ and __ _______ ________, for ___ ______ 10 primary teeth each jaw consist 2 central incisors 2 lateral incisors 2 cuspids canines 2 first molars 2 Partially dissected child’s skull revealing deciduous teeth in place and permanent teeth developing in the maxillae and the mandible second molars 20 total -__________ _____ _____ ________ at ____ __ and ______ between ____ ___-___ with ______ _______ (_______ _____); _________ _______ ______ _______ when ______ _______ become ___________ _______, ____ to ______ and are __________ ________ (or ______) permanent teeth begin erupting age 6 finish ages 17 25 third molars wisdom teeth impacted wisdom teeth result third molars abnormally wedged fail erupt surgically removed pulled

-_____ ______ ________ of __ ______ _______;
A. Mouth 5. Teeth -_____ ______ ________ of __ ______ _______; the ______, which ________ above the _____ _____, and the _____, which is _________ to the ________ __________ in the _________ and the _________ each tooth consists 2 major portions crown projects gum line root anchored Enamel alveolar processes mandible maxillae Dentin Crown Pulp cavity Gingiva Root Alveolar process Root canal Cementum Periodontal ligament

A. Mouth 5. Teeth a. enamel -______ of ________ ______, ________ __________ in the _______ _____, ______ the ______ of the ______ made calcium salts hardest substance human body covers crown tooth -_______ _____ with ____ and _________ _______ or _______ and is ____ ________ wears away age abrasive action injury not replaced b. dentin -_____-_____ ________ _______ ___ _____ of the ______, _____ under _______ and __________ the _____ _______ bone like material making up most tooth lies enamel surrounds pulp cavity Rx – Dental Caries -________; ______ in the ________and _______ of a ______ _______ by _________ cavities holes enamel dentin tooth caused bacteria -_________ ___________ _______ left on ______ to ________ _____, which _______ _______ and ______ bacteria metabolize sugars teeth produce acids destroy enamel dentin -__________ by ________ _________ and ________, _______ ________, and ________, which is ____________into _______ and ______ it _________ prevented regular brushing flossing dental sealants fluoride incorporated enamel makes stronger

A. Mouth 5. Teeth c. pulp cavity -________ the ______ _______ and ______ which ______ the ______ in _______ _____ _______, and the __________ ______ _____ contains blood vessels nerves supply tooth tubular root canals connective tissue pulp Rx – Gingivitis -__________ __ of the _______ due to the _____________ of _______, a _______ _____ of _________ which ________ _______ that ________ _____ _______ inflammation gingiva accumulation plaque sticky film bacteria produce toxins damage gum tissue -_____ become ____ and ________ and ______ _______ gums red swollen bleed easily -can be _________ by _________ and _________ reversed brushing flossing Rx – Periodontitis -_____ ________; _______ builds up and _________ into _________ (______), ______ ______, _________ ________ into _____ of _________ __________ and ___________ _________; ______ become ______ and may need to be __________; _________ _______ of ______ ______ gum disease plaque hardens calculus tartar gums recede infection spreads bone alveolar processes periodontal ligament teeth loose extracted leading cause tooth loss

-______ ___________ __________ by ________
A. Mouth 5. Teeth -______ ___________ __________ by ________ _____ into ________ _______ to ________ ________ _____ to _______ up __________ __________ __________ _________ begin mechanical digestion breaking food smaller pieces increase surface area speed upcoming enzymatic chemical reactions Central incisor a. incisors -_______-_______ ________ ______ for _______ off ______ _______ of _____ chisel shaped cutting teeth Lateral incisor biting large pieces food Central incisor Lateral incisor Lateral incisor Central incisor Central incisor Lateral incisor

-_____-_______ ______ for _________ and _______ _____ cone shaped
A. Mouth 5. Teeth b. cuspids (canines) -_____-_______ ______ for _________ and _______ _____ cone shaped teeth Central incisor grasping tearing food Lateral incisor Cuspid Cuspid Central incisor Lateral incisor Cuspid Central incisor Lateral incisor Cuspid Lateral incisor Central incisor

-______ with _________ _________ for _________ ______ teeth flattened
A. Mouth 5. Teeth c. bicuspids and molars -______ with _________ _________ for _________ ______ teeth flattened Central incisor surfaces grinding First premolar (bicuspid) food Lateral incisor Second premolar (bicuspid) Cuspid Second premolar (bicuspid) Cuspid Central incisor Lateral incisor First molar Second molar Third molar Third molar Second premolar (bicuspid) Second molar First molar Cuspid First premolar (bicuspid) First molar First premolar (bicuspid) Central incisor Lateral incisor Cuspid Lateral incisor Central incisor

A. Mouth 6. Salivary glands -________ _______ to ________ _____ _________, ______ them _________, and ______ the _________ _________ of _____________ secrete saliva moisten food particles bind together begin chemical digestion carbohydrates -______ _____as a _______ to _______ __________ in _____ so that they can be _______ saliva acts solvent dissolve substances food tasted -_______ __________ (______) _____, which ______ the ___ of ______ to _____ it _______ and _________ the ___ of _____ _____ to _______ _____ contains bicarbonate HCO3- ions buffer pH saliva keep neutral neutralize pH acidic foods protect teeth -_______ ______ ________ ________ __________ __________ the _______ _________ ________ which _______ _____ and ________ into ___________ serous cells produce watery secretions containing enzyme salivary amylase splits starch glycogen dissacharides -_______ ____ _______ ______ to ____ and ________ ____ for ___________ mucous cells produce mucus bind lubricate food swallowing

-_____ _____ of _____ _______ ______ three pairs major salivary glands
A. Mouth 6. Salivary glands -_____ _____ of _____ _______ ______ three pairs major salivary glands a. Parotid glands -_______ of the _______ ______ largest salivary glands -_______ a _______ _______ _____ in ________ through the _________ _____ just _________ the ______ _______ ______ secrete watery saliva rich amylase Stensen’s duct opposite upper Parotid gland second molar Rx – Infectious Parotitis -______; caused by ____ _________ of the ______ _______ _______ mumps viral infection Parotid (Stensen’s) duct parotid salivary Tongue glands Mandible -can ______ to _____ ______ ______ like the ________ or the ________ spread other ducted glands pancreas testicles -__________ against with the _____ vaccinated MMR

a. Submandibular glands -_______ a _______ that is
A. Mouth 6. Salivary glands a. Submandibular glands -_______ a _______ that is about _____ _______ and _____ ________ through the __________ _____ under the _______ near the _______ _________ secrete saliva half serous half mucous Wharton’s duct Parotid gland tongue lingual frenulum Parotid (Stensen’s) duct Tongue Mandible Submandibular (Wharton’s) duct Submandibular gland

-________ a _______ that is _______ ______ through _____
A. Mouth 6. Salivary glands a. Sublingual glands -________ a _______ that is _______ ______ through _____ ______, _________ ______ called _________ ______ secrete saliva mostly mucus many small separate ducts Rivinus’s ducts Parotid gland Parotid (Stensen’s) duct Tongue Mandible Sublingual gland Submandibular (Wharton’s) duct Submandibular gland

-lies _________ to the _____ _______ superiorly soft palate
B. Pharynx -throat 1. Nasopharynx -lies _________ to the _____ _______ superiorly soft palate -____________ for ____ lying between ______ _______ and ___________ passageway air nasal cavity oropharynx -_________ (___________) _____ opens through _____ of ___________ auditory Eustachian tube wall nasopharynx Opening of Auditory (Eustachian) tube Nasopharyx

-lies __________ to the _____ _______
B. Pharynx 2. Oropharynx -lies __________ to the _____ _______ and __________ to the ___________ inferiorly soft palate superiorly epiglottis -___________ for ____ lying between the _____ _______ and the _______; ___________ for _____ lying between ______ _______ and _______________ passageway air oral cavity larynx passageway food oral cavity laryngopharynx Opening of Auditory (Eustachian) tube Nasopharyx Oropharyx

-lies __________ to the ___________ from the ______ _______of the
B. Pharynx 3. Laryngopharynx -lies __________ to the ___________ from the ______ _______of the __________ to the ______ _______ of the ________ __________ inferiorly oropharynx upper border epiglottis lower border cricoid cartilage -___________ for _____ lying between the ___________ and the __________ passageway food oropharynx esophagus Opening of Auditory (Eustachian) tube Nasopharyx Oropharyx Laryngopharyx

Figure 17.14a B. Pharynx -swallowing mechanism
1. The _______ _______ _____ into the _________. tongue forces food pharynx

Figure 17.14b B. Pharynx -swallowing mechanism
2. The _____ _______, ______, and _______ are _______, the _______ is ________ against the _______, the __________ _______, and the _________ ___________ _________ ______ so that the ___________ _______. soft palate hyoid larynx raised soft tongue pressed palate epiglottis closes inferior constrictor muscles relax esophagus opens

Figure 17.14c B. Pharynx -swallowing mechanism
_________ ___________ _________ _________ and ______ _____ into the __________. Superior constrictor muscles contract force food esophagus

B. Pharynx -swallowing mechanism ___________ _______ ______ _____ through the __________ and into the ________. Peristaltic waves move food esophagus stomach

-________ _______ _____ _______ as a
C. Esophagus -________ _______ _____ _______ as a ____________ for _____ lying between the _______________ and the _________ smooth muscle tube acting passageway food laryngopharynx stomach -_______ through the ____________ between the ______ and through an ________ in the ___________ called the ___________ _______ passes mediastinum lungs opening diaphragm esophageal hiatus - ___________(________) _________ _________ ___________ to ________ _____________ of _________ _____ into the __________ esophageal cardiac sphincter normally constricted prevent regurgitation stomach acid esophagus Esophagus Esophageal hiatus Diaphragm Stomach

C. Esophagus Rx – Heartburn -_____________of the ___________ ________ caused by ____ ______ from the ________ into the __________ inflammation esophageal mucosa acid reflux stomach esophagus -_______ by ___________, ______ ______ _____, _____ ______ ______ after _______, or _______ too _______ caused overeating eating spicy foods lying down right eating eating quickly -________ __________ __________ _____ __________ caffeine stimulates increased acid production -________ ________ and ________ ______ the ________ ______ and ______ the ___________ _________, __________ the _________ of _____ _______ cigarette smoking alcohol irritate stomach lining relax esophageal sphincter increasing liklihood acid reflux -_______with _________, which _______ _____ treated antacids buffer acid ______ __ ______  ______ __ ______  _____ __ _____ 2 HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + H2CO3 H2O + CO2 ______ __ _______  ______ __ ______  _____ __ ____ 2 HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + H2CO3 H2O + CO2 Rx – Hiatal hernia -___________ of ______ of the ________ through the ___________ _______ into the _______ protrusion part stomach esophageal hiatus thorax -_______ __________, _________ in ___________, ____________ ______, ______ _____, and _____________ to ____________ _______ causes heartburn difficulty swallowing esophageal ulcer blood loss predisposition esophageal cancer

-_________, __________ ______ with a _________
D. Stomach -_________, __________ ______ with a _________ of about __ ______ or _____ J-shaped pouchlike organ capacity 1 liter more -_____ ______ _______ with _____ _____ _______ _____, which ______ out ___ as _______ is ________ inner lining marked thick folds called rugae stretch flat stomach distended -_____ ______ the ________ when _________ ______ of the __________ cause the ___________ _________ to ______ food enters stomach peristaltic waves esophagus esophageal sphincter relax Esophageal sphincter -________ into ____ _______: ________ _______, _______ _______, _____, and _______ ______ divided four regions Fundic region cardiac region fundic region body Esophagus pyloric region Cardiac region Body region Pyloric sphincter Duodenum Rugae Pyloric region Stomach

-______ _______ contains _______ _______, which
D. Stomach -______ _______ contains _______ _______, which ________ and _______ _______ _____, a _______ of ____________ ____, ______, and the _______ ______ inner lining gastric glands produce secrete gastric juice mixture hydrochloric acid mucus enzyme pepsin -______ is ________ by ___________ ____ and ______ the ________ of ______ ___ _____ of ______ _______ pepsin activated hydrochloric acid begins digestion nearly all types dietary protein -_____ ________ of ________ ______ in ______ _____ _____ and _______ the ______ of the ________ to _______ ______ from _________ the ________ _____ large amounts alkaline mucus gastric juice coat protect lining stomach prevent pepsin digesting stomach itself -_________ ______ of ___________ ____ _____ with _______ _____ to _______ ______, which is ______ ___ to _____ ________ after about __ ____ on _______ peristaltic waves contractions mix foods gastric juice produce chyme moved on small intestine 1 hour average -________ ______ and ______-________ _________, _________ ________ absorbs water water soluble substances While both carbohydrates and proteins have begun to chemically digest and move through the stomach quickly, fatty foods may take from 3-6 hours to move out of the stomach, so after eating fatty foods it may take longer to “feel” hungry including alcohol

D. Stomach Rx – Peptic ulcers -_______, or ____________ of the ______of the _______ _______ to the ____________of _____ ______ (_______) gastritis inflammation lining stomach leading development open sores ulcers -______ by ______________ of ____________ _____ brought on by _____ _____ and _______, ________ with ______- _________ ______ caused overproduction hydrochloric acid poor diet stress treated acid lowering drugs -many caused by ________of ________ ____________ ______, ________ with ____________ and _____ -_________ ______ infection bacteria Helicobacter pylori treated antibiotics acid lowering drugs E. Pancreas -has both _________ (________) ______ ________ and _________ (_______) ______ __________ endocrine ductless gland functions exocrine ducted gland functions

-_______, or ____________ of the ______of the
D. Stomach Rx – Peptic ulcers -_______, or ____________ of the ______of the _______ _______ to the ____________of _____ ______ (_______) gastritis inflammation lining stomach leading development open sores ulcers -______ by ______________ of ____________ _____ brought on by _____ _____ and _______, ________ with ______- _________ ______ caused overproduction hydrochloric acid poor diet stress treated acid lowering drugs -many caused by ________of ________ ____________ ______, ________ with ____________ and _____ -_________ ______ infection bacteria Helicobacter pylori treated antibiotics acid lowering drugs Child showing the distended stomach and fatty liver characteristic of kwashiorkor, caused from protein deficiency accompanied by caloric sufficiency. The stomach is swollen from edema. E. Pancreas -has both _________ (________) ______ ________ and _________ (_______) ______ __________ endocrine ductless gland functions exocrine ducted gland functions

-_________ __ _________ from _______ of ___________, or
E. Pancreas 1. Endocrine functions -_________ __ _________ from _______ of ___________, or ___________ ______ ,which are ________ of ______ __________ around ______ ________ lying between the _____ of the ________ secretes 3 hormones Islets Langerhans pancreatic islets groups cells clustered blood vessels ducts pancreas Pancreas

E. Pancreas 1. Endocrine functions a. alpha cells -_______ ________, which _________ the ______ to ______ _____ _________ into ________ (_____________), to ________ ________________ like ______ ____ into ________ (______________), and to _____ ______ ____ into ____ _____ and _______ secrete glucagon stimulates liver break down glycogen glucose glycogenolysis convert noncarbohydrates amino acids glucose glyconeogenesis break down fats fatty acids glycerol b. beta cells -_______ _______, which __________ the ____ to _____ ________ from _______ and _______ ________ __________ from ____- _____________, _________ __________ _________ of ________ into _______ ____ and ______ and ________ _______ _____, _________ _________ of ______ ____ into _____ to ________ _______ ________, and __________ ________ _____ to _________ and ______ ____ secrete insulin stimulates liver form glycogen glucose inhibits glucose formation non carbohydrates promotes facilitated diffusion glucose adipose cells cardiac skeletal muscle cells promotes transport amino acids cells increase protein synthesis stimulates adipose cells synthesize store fat

E. Pancreas 1. Endocrine functions b. beta cells Rx – Diabetes Type I -_______-_________ _______ _______, also has been _____ “_______ _____” ________, _____ is usually before ___ ___ insulin dependent diabetes mellitus called juvenile onset diabetes onset age 20 -______ up _____ of all ________ ______ makes 15% diabetes cases -an ___________ ________ in which a ______ ________ the _____ ______ of the ______ of ___________, __________ _____ and ________ ________ ___________ autoimmune disease virus attacks beta cells Islets Langerhans destroying them halting insulin production -without _______, _______ is not _____ ___ by _______ and _______ _____, ________ _________ is ________, and _______ ___________ in the _____ (_____________) until ________ by _______, _______ ____ _____________ ________ for ______, and ______ _______ ________ into ______, causing _________ _________ of __________ and ___________ and _______ insulin glucose taken up adipose muscle cells glycogen formation inhibited glucose accumulates blood hyperglycemia excreted kidneys forming new concentration gradient water water follows glucose urine increased frequency urination dehydration thirst

E. Pancreas 1. Endocrine functions b. beta cells Rx – Diabetes Type I -without ________, ________ _________ __________ and ________ ______ _____ as ______ use _______ for ______ insulin protein synthesis decreases tissues waste away cells protein energy -without ________, ____ is not ___________ or _______ and _____ ______ ______ ___ in the _____, along with _______ from ____ ___________, which are _________ from the ________ and the ______ as ________ ______ (_______ ______-_________ _______), causing _________ insulin fat synthesized stored fatty acids build up blood ketones fat metabolism excreted kidneys lungs sodium salts causes fruity smelling breath acidosis -_____ _________, ________ in _____ and ______ from ____________ and _________ left untreated results coma death dehydration acidosis -_______ with _____ _________ of _______ ________ _____________ by __________-___________ _________ (__ _____), or _________ from the _________ of ______ or _______, __________ for a _________ own _____ ______ to be ______ in ________ and ________ into _____ ______ treated daily injections human insulin manufactured genetically engineered bacteria E. coli harvested slaughter cattle swine potential patient’s stem cells grown culture infused body later

E. Pancreas 1. Endocrine functions b. beta cells Rx – Diabetes Type II -___________-__________ _________ _________ noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus -________ begins __________, in _______ over ____ ___ usually gradually people age 40 -______ _____________ _____ ________ __________ and become _____ _____ to ________ to ________ ________ _______, or ________ ________ too ______ ________ cells progressively lose insulin receptors less able respond normal insulin levels pancreas produces little insulin -________ _________, ____________ by a _________ of ___________ and _______________ genetic tendency compounded lifestyle overeating underexercising -_________ in the _____, _______ ________-________ _______ _____ in _________, after ________ endemic U.S. second fastest growing health risk America obesity -________ by ________ _____ and _________, _____________ of _____ to ______ ______ that ________ ________ ___________ (_______ and _________) treated weight loss exercise modification diet avoid foods stimulate insulin production sugars starches

E. Pancreas 1. Endocrine functions b. beta cells Rx – Hypoglycemia -____ _______ ________ _______ due to ______________ of ________ low blood glucose levels overproduction insulin -causes _________ of __________, __________, and _______ episodes weakness shakiness anxiety -______ by ______ _________ ______ ____ in _____________ and _____ in ________ treated small frequent meals low carbohydrates high protein c. delta cells -________ ____________, which _____ _________ ________ ___________ by __________ _________ of _________ and ________ secrete somatostatin helps regulate glucose metabolism inhibiting secretion glucogon insulin 2. Exocrine functions -_________ __________ ______ through ___________ _____ into __________ of ______ _________ secretes pancreatic juice pancreatic duct duodenum small intestine

-_________ _____ contains __________ ________ to _____
E. Pancreas 2. Exocrine functions -_________ _____ contains __________ ________ to _____ _________ of ______ and _________ into ____________, __________ ______ to _____ down ___________, _____ _____ and ______________, _______, ____________, and ________________ to ______ ______ ________ into ______ ______, and ________ to ______ ______ _______ ______ into ___________ pancreatic juice pancreatic amylase split molecules starch glycogen disaccharides pancreatic lipase break triglycerides Pyloric sphincter fatty acids monoglycerides Pancreatic Islets trypsin chymotrypsin Pancreas carboxypeptidase break down proteins amino acids nuclease break down nucleic acids nucleotides Pancreatic duct -__________ ______ contains _____ _______________ of ___________ ______ to __________ _______ _______ _________ from ________ and ________ ______ from ________ the _________ ______ pancreatic juice high concentrations bicarbonate Duodenum ions neutralize acidic chyme arriving stomach prevent pepsin digesting duodenal wall

E. Pancreas Rx – Cystic fibrosis -an ___________ __________ ________, _____ _________ in ___________ autosomal recessive disease most common Caucasians -_________ _____ _____ for ______ ________ ________ for the ________ ____ in _______ _____, ________ the ________ ____ to be ________ in ________ _____, which _______ a _____________ ________ that ______ ______ into the _____ recessive gene codes faulty carrier protein chloride ion certain cells causing chloride ion retained certain cells creates concentration gradient draws water cells -_______ ___________ of the _____ and _________ _____ ___ and become ______, ________ up the _______, ____________ _________, and causing _____________ mucus secretions lungs pancreas dry out sticky plugging organs encouraging infection malnutrition -_______ with _________ ________ _____________ treated digestive enzyme supplements

E. Pancreas Rx – Cystic fibrosis ♂ C c ♀ If Cybill, who does not have cystic fibrosis but her father does, and Cyrus, who is heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis gene, have 7 children, how many, according to the odds, should have cystic fibrosis? CC Cc C 1 4 c Cc cc x 7 = 2

The Digestive System: For Discussion: True or False?

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The Digestive System: For Discussion: True or False?

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