1. Bell Ringer-1
Review Unit 8b Big Ideas Sheet
Questions?

3. Jackie Robinson
April 15, 1947 first game as a Brooklyn Dodger at Ebbets Field
Branch Rickey, owner of Dodgers
Robinson, 27 years old, son of Georgia sharecroppers and grandson of slaves
Won athletic scholarship at UCLA and lettered in baseball, football, basketball, and track
Second Lieutenant in segregated tank unit during World War II
Played for Kansas City Monarchs in Negro Leagues
Promised Rickey that he would maintain self-control
National League Rookie of the Year

4. Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) became the first African-American Major League Baseball player of the modern era in 1947.[1] The Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Robinson in 1962 and he was a member of six World Series teams. He earned six consecutive All-Star Game nominations and won several awards during his career. In 1947, Robinson won The Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award and the first MLB Rookie of the Year Award Award. Two years later, he was awarded his first National League MVP Award.

5. The Twentieth Century African-American Civil Rights Movement
Historiography
The Twentieth Century African-American Civil Rights Movement

6. Period 8 Essential Question:
What creates greater positive social change —national legislation, court decisions, organizations and leadership or the civic participation, efforts and sacrifices of common citizens and local communities?

7. Durham, North Carolina. May 1940. Jack Delano, photographer
Durham, North Carolina. May Jack Delano, photographer. "At the bus station

8. Debating the Civil Rights Movement
The View from the Nation (top to bottom approach)
Steven F. Lawson
Professor Emeritus of History, Rutgers University
B.A., 1966, City College of New York
M.A., 1967, Columbia University
Ph.D., 1974, Columbia University
Major publications include: Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, ; In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, ; Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America Since 1941; and Debating the Civil Rights Movement (with Charles Payne)

9. Debating the Civil Rights Movement
The View from the Trenches (bottom to top approach)
Charles Payne
Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor in the University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration
Professor, Duke University, African and African American Studies
PhD, Northwestern University, 1976
BA, Syracuse University, 1970
Interests include urban education and school reform, social inequality, social change and modern African American history. He is the author of Getting What We Ask For: The Ambiguity of Success and Failure In Urban Education (1984) and I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement(1995).  So Much Reform, So Little Change: The Persistence of Failure in Urban Schools (2005); Teach Freedom: The African American Tradition of Education For Liberation, 2006).

10. Steven F. Lawson-The View from “the Nation”
Focus on the belief that the federal government had an indispensable role in the shaping of the civil rights movement
Belief that it’s impossible to understand how African Americans achieved citizenship rights without concentrating on what national leaders in Washington, D.C. did to influence those events.

11. “The Nation”
Focus is on powerful presidents, congressional leaders, members of Supreme Court
Without their support, the struggle would have lacked power and authority to defeat state governments who were intent on keeping African Americans in subservient positions
Civil rights movement also depended on the presence of national organizations: NAACP, SCLC, SNCC

12. “The Nation”
Civil Rights also depended on the leaders of these organizations: especially Martin Luther King, Jr.
These groups could do what African American residents of local communities could not do alone: turn the civil rights struggle into a national cause of concern and prod the federal government into acting

13. “The Nation”
The story in Washington begins with World War II and the presidencies of Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson
This is a story of executive orders ending segregation in the military and housing; five pieces of civil rights legislation and landmark Supreme Court rulings

14. “The Nation”
This perspective of the movement does not mean to belittle African American determination in the struggle for equality
But it suggests that given the relations favoring whites—southern African Americans could not possibly eliminate racial inequality without outside federal assistance
Timing= the federal government would shape the movement by choosing whether to and when to respond to African American protests and to give its support within African American communities

15. Charles Payne-The View from “the Trenches”
This view believes that placing too much emphasis on national leadership and national institutions minimizes the importance of local struggle
You lose sight of the enormous personal cost
It creates the impression that historical change only resides with the power of elites—usually white, male, and educated and that non-elites lack historical agency

16. “The Trenches”
This perspective believes that there is a heavy gender bias in the national approach (women need to be given their due: on the local level, women provided a disproportionate share of leadership in the early 1960s)
The African American community was complex—there were class, gender, cultural, regional and ideological divisions; A top down perspective can lose sight of the complexity of the African-American community—

17. “The Trenches”
This perspective believes that the concentration on the period between 1955 and 1968 (Montgomery-Memphis framework) underplays the importance of earlier periods of struggle
This perspective believes that too much attention has been given to legislative and policy changes and there should be more attention paid to the struggles and experiences of individuals

18. “The Trenches”
This perspective feels that too much attention has been given to large scale dramatic events. There should be more study and understanding on the actual social infrastructure of individuals and groups that sustained the movement on a day to day basis

19. Historiographical developments
New emphasis on the complexity of the movement (there was more to the Montgomery bus boycotts than Rosa Parks and MLK)
New emphasis on the complexity of the African American community
New emphasis on the role of women and children in the movement
New emphasis on stretching the timeline beyond

20. Durham, North Carolina. May 1940. Jack Delano, photographer
Durham, North Carolina. May Jack Delano, photographer. "At the bus station

21. Marchers gathered for the March on Washington at the Lincoln Memorial, 1963

22. Participants marching from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in protest of discriminatory voting practices, 1965.

23. Questions on Historiography?
View from the Nation?
View from the Trenches?

24. Visual Essay Research Assignment
Task: You and your group (2-3) are tasked with researching and creating a visual essay on one civil rights event from both historical perspectives discussed--the view of the “nation” and the view from the “trenches”
Introduction: Based upon your research of the event from both perspectives, you will be asked to begin your “visual essay” with an introduction that includes a thesis that ultimately supports one of the perspectives: What creates greater positive social change —national legislation, court decisions, organizations and leadership or the civic participation, efforts and sacrifices of common citizens and local communities? . You will contextualize your argument within the introduction as you would a DBQ (1 slide)
Body: Your visual essay should then tell a story of your event using both perspectives in the form of a Power Point/Google slides/Prezi (8-10 slides)

25. Visual Essay Research Assignment
Body continued:
You must include at least two excerpted primary resources and an analysis (any aspect of HIPP) of each that supports your chosen thesis/argument. One of these primary sources may be a photograph, and one has to be a speech. (2 slides)
You must use additional photographs (3-4) and one video clip/audio clip to enhance our understanding of the event. (4-5 slides)
Conclusion: You will conclude your visual essay as you would a DBQ-with a synthesis connection. (1 slide)
Works Cited: Your group should cite all sources researched for the presentation. (1 slide)
Presentation: Your 7 minute presentation will be delivered multiple times in a gallery walk format on Friday.

26. Monday Checklist Who am I working with? (2-3)
What civil rights event am I researching?
Preview the websites suggested
Take preliminary notes on the event through the lens of both historical perspectives (View from the Trenches/View from the nation)
Develop a “working thesis”

27. Research Assignment-Sources
PBS-The African American Experience
Library of Congress
Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project at Stanford University
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library
Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library
Gilder Lehrman Institute
National Humanities Center
Eyes on the Prize Teacher Edition