1. Ch.3 Classes STEP 1 Define a new class of robot (see next slide)
When designing a new class (whether that’s robots, cars, bank accounts, etc.), the first question we are asking ourselves is “What can I steal?” !! In other words, one big benefit of OOD (object oriented design) is the concept of code-reuse. There is no need to reinvent the wheel. (by the way, that doesn’t mean to copy your friend’s lab!! )
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2. invokes superclass’ constructor
import kareltherobot.*;
public class MileWalker extends UrRobot {
public MileWalker (int st, int av, Direction dir, int beeps) {
super(st, av, dir, beeps); }
public void moveMile( ) {
move(); move(); move(); move();
subclass
superclass
constructor
invokes superclass’ constructor
note: no object names preceding methods (why not?) - let’s look at client code to see why
INHERITANCE
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3. Inserting MileWalker into the Inheritance Hierarchy
UrRobot
If you have an object (say, bob) of type MileWalker, what methods are available to bob?
What if bob were of type UrRobot?
move()
turnLeft()
pickBeeper()
putBeeper()
turnOff()
MileWalker
the is-A relationship
a MileWalker is-A UrRobot
moveMile()
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4. STEP 2 write application(client) to use new class(server) (a. k. a
STEP 2 write application(client) to use new class(server) (a.k.a. a driver)
import kareltherobot.*;
public class MileWalkerDriver implements Directions {
public static void main( ) {
MileWalker bob = new MileWalker(2, 1, East, 0);
bob.moveMile(); // new instruction
bob. move(); // inherited instruction
bob.turnOff(); // inherited instruction }
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5. Misc. Note (don’t sweat this – it’s not computer science)
These 4 method invokations may be necessary and may be placed first within the main() of the driver
World.reset();
World.readWorld(“c:\\first.kwld");
World.setDelay(50);
World.setVisible(true);
Alternatively: you can place them in a static block (no need to understand what a “static block” is) within your driver class
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6. STEP 3
Put each class in its own file making sure that the file name matches the class name Exactly (convention: class names begin with a capital letter, method names begin with a lowercase letter – if an identifier combines several words, use the “interCap” technique. We will follow convention.)
We’ll now demo the whole process in BlueJ
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7. Now You Try! we want a BetterTurnerRobot class
turnRight, turnAround, stepBackward
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8. Now, try something a bit more!
Design an HBot class on paper right now (yes, it should do the same thing as our non-class version in Ch.2)
In 10 minutes, we’ll pass the wireless keyboard & mouse and we’ll build/test the class together
In addition, where does it go in the Inheritance Hierarchy?
Why is putting all the same code into one method within a class (encapsulation) better than just leaving it in the driver – i.e., what do we gain? (let’s informally discuss before I give you the fancy cs language)
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9. Benefits of Encapsulation
So, we just learned that encapsulation promotes Code Reuse. By putting the code into a method, we no longer need to write that code again. In addition, from the client’s point of view, she is no longer concerned with how to draw the H – she’s the beneficiary of a concept called Abstraction (can focus on WHAT, not HOW).
In general, if you find yourself doing a cut-and-paste, then there is a better way to do things – i.e., use procedural abstraction and abstract out the common code, putting it into a method
In that light, how should we now modify our current 1-method(if that’s how you wrote it) HBot?
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10. Improving HBot Yep, find the common code and create other methods.
drawLine() and turnRight() might be what you choose – you might choose others depending on how you see the problem being decomposed (stepwise refined)
Should they have public or private visibility?
That depends on whether we believe a client would be calling drawLine() and turnRight() – let’s discuss public/private, then you guess/justify
I’ll argue, No. I’ll argue like this: the name of the class is HBot – so I (the client) am trying to have some object draw H’s for me – how that object gets it done is of no concern of mine(abstraction) – so I don’t need (and shouldn’t be allowed) to see the other helper/auxiliary methods. Therefore, they should be private, helper-like methods for the class’ use only.
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11. Stepwise Refinement
technique for writing modules which are concise, correct, easy to read/modify/understand
Would a general contractor just start building a house – or would she break up the task into foundation, frame, electrical, plumbing, etc.? Makes sense, doesn’t it. Explain why from the contractor’s view – use our cs terms we’ve been learning.
write main task first, breaking up the BIG task into smaller tasks (using methods) – then take each method one at a time and also break it up --- continue until each method is compact and singular in focus (cohesion)
Look back at what we just did – do you see this re-factoring?
Methods needed for DiamondPlanter:
turnRight
setDiagOf4
dropThenMove (call 4 times)
moveToNextDiagFromTop
moveToNextDiagFromBottom
Method plantDiamond()
setDiagOf4()
moveToNextDiagFromTop()
moveToNextDiagFromBottom()
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12. Practicing Stepwise Refinement
Let’s write a class called DiamondPlanter together using stepwise refinement. It’s like Harvester except the field is diamond shaped. There are always 4 beepers on a diagonal. Assume the robot is facing North to begin, has 16 beepers, and is standing on the corner where the bottom of the diamond is to be.
What are we asking ourselves first?
Now, using some sort of pseudocode, write the top level method(call it, plantDiamond() ). While writing it, pretend any helper methods you’d like to use already exist (abstraction) and work already (automagically, if you will). After we pseudocode plantDiamond(), we’ll take each helper method in turn and repeat this stepwise-refinement process until we have cohesion.
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13. Debriefing DiamondPlanter
So, we wrote DiamondPlanter. More than likely we wrote a turnRight() and maybe even a turnAround() to help us plant. Anyone want to make any comments about that?
I don’t know about you, but I found it ANNOYING to write the same thing again! Let’s look at the Inheritance Hierarchy and see if we can come up with a solution. Let’s discuss possible solutions before going on…
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14. Improving overall object design
Discuss what our modifications would be to the HBot and DiamondPlanter classes
– in terms of syntax
- in terms of concepts we’ve been discussing
UrRobot
BetterTurnerBot
turnRight()
turnAround()
HBot
DiamondPlanter
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15. Now YOU try! But be efficient!
design a robot class that would be conducive to solving the following diagrammed situation (robot should climb and pick up all beepers – always 3/stair) also, different clients need to be able to climb different numbers of stairs:
starts off facing East
When designing, keep in mind everything we’ve been discussing.
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16. Why create a Class?
Why reinvent the wheel? You’re allowed to be lazy in my class – but you have to be smart to be lazy!
Code Reuse
Abstraction – free your mind from the irrelevant and work on the relevant!
Ex. If I’m going to write a system to have a bot climb stairs in several buildings, I’m going to use the StairClimber class so I can call climbStair() – I can work on a bigger/better/harder problem and free my mind from the irrelevant details of taking a step and picking beepers
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17. Why use Inheritance?
You get stuff for free! You can be lazy! (cs term?)
Use things without knowing/caring how they work! (cs term?)
Why reinvent the wheel! (cs term?)
Localize changes to one class/method (localization)
StairClimber
MileWalker
Harvester
DiamondPlanter
BetterTurner
UrRobot
cs terms
- inheritance
- abstraction
- code reuse
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18. Sample Inheritance Questions How many times does each Bot below move?
public class MysteryBot1 extends UrRobot { /* constructor not shown */ public void step1() { move(); } public void move() { super.move(); super.move(); } }
public class MysteryBot2 extends MysteryBot1 { /* constructor not shown */ public void step1() { move(); } public void move() { super.move(); super.move(); } }
MysteryBot1 john = new RobotStuff(10, 10 , North, 0); john.step1(); // where is the bot now? john = new MoreRobotStuff(10, 10 , North, 0); john.step1(); // where are both bots now?
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19. Another Inheritance Question Give the state (location and Direction) of each Bot below?
public class ABetterBot extends UrRobot { /* constructor not shown */ public void step1() { move(); } public void step2() { turnLeft(); } }
public class AnEvenBetterBot extends ABetterBot { /* constructor not shown */ public void step1() { move();
super.step1(); step2(); } public void step2() { turnLeft(); super.step2(); } }
ABetterBot ucla = new ABetterBot(10, 10 , North, 0); ucla.step1(); AnEvenBetterBot usc = new AnEvenBetterBot(10, 10 , North, 0); usc.step1();
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20. A final Inheritance Question Give the state (location and Direction) of each Bot below?
public class TestBot extends UrRobot { /* constructor not shown */ public void step1() { move();
step2(); } public void step2() { turnLeft(); } }
public class HarderTestBot extends TestBot { /* constructor not shown */ public void step1() { move();
super.step1(); } public void step2() { turnLeft(); super.step2(); } }
TestBot ucla = new TestBot(10, 10 , North, 0); ucla.step1(); HarderTestBot usc = new HarderTestBot(10, 10 , North, 0); usc.step1();
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21. Is-A questions “A” is-a Letter Letter is-a Symbol
Semicolon is-a PunctuationMark
is-a Symbol
PunctuationMark is-a Symbol
The classes that are inherited (either directly or indirectly) by:
PunctuationMark
“A”
Semicolon
Symbol
Letter
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