1. Periods and Families of the Periodic Table

2. Elements
Science has come along way since Aristotle’s theory of Air, Water, Fire, and Earth.
Scientists have identified 90 naturally occurring elements, and created about 28 others.

3. The most abundant element in the earth’s crust is oxygen.

4. Key Terms
Atomic number is the number of protons an atom of that element has. No two elements have the same number of protons.
Mass Number is the “weight” of the atom. It is the number of protons added to the number of neutrons.
Atomic Mass is the total of all isotopes included in an element.

5. Key Terms (cont’d)
Protons are the positively charges particles in the nucleus.
Neutrons are the particles in the nucleus with no charge.
Electrons are the negatively charged particles making a “cloud” around the nucleus.

6. Organization of the Table
Columns/Families
Elements in each family have similar reactive properties.
For example, neon and argon are in Family 18, so they react in a similar way.
All elements in a family have the same number of electrons in their outer shell

7. Organization of the Table
Rows/Periods
The elements in a period are arranged by their atomic number.
Elements are not similar as they go across the row.
The first element in a period is always an extremely reactive solid. The last element in a period, is always an inactive gas.

8. Valence Electrons
The number of valence electrons an atom has may also appear in a square.
Valence electrons are the electrons in the outer energy level of an atom.
These are the electrons that are transferred or shared when atoms bond together.

9. Properties of Metals Metals are: Shiny
good conductors of heat and electricity
ductile (can be stretched into thin wires)
malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets)
Able to react with water which results in corrosion.

10. Properties of Non-Metals
Non-metals are:
poor conductors of heat and electricity
not ductile or malleable
brittle and break easily
dull
are often gases
Sulfur

11. Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids are:
shiny or dull
A combination of properties of both metals and non-metals
Some good for conduction
Good for use as semiconductors used mostly in computer chips
Silicon

12. Hydrogen Is the first element in the table
Is not really a member of Family one because it is in a class of its own
It’s a gas at room temperature.
It has one proton and one
electron in its one and only
energy level.

13. STOP

14. Metals

15. Alkali Metals They are the most reactive metals.
They react violently with water.
Alkali metals are never found as free elements in nature. They are always bonded with another element.
Found in seawater, salt beds, and batteries

16. Alkaline Earth Metals They are never found uncombined in nature.
Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and calcium, among others.
Found in teeth,
bones, and leafy
vegetables

17. Transition Metals
Transition Elements include those elements in the Groups 3-12.
These are the metals you are probably most familiar: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver.
They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Found in jewelry, coins, and hemoglobin.

18. Metals in Mixed Groups
Transition Elements include SOME of those elements in the Groups
Not nearly as reactive as those on the left side.
Include aluminum, lead, and tin.
Used for beverage cans, airplane bodies, and weights in automobiles

19. Rare Earth Elements
The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series.
One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made.
Soft, shiny, mixtures of metals with high conductivity.

20. Non-Metals

21. Carbon Family
This family includes a non-metal (carbon), metalloids, and metals.
Found in Group or Family 14.
Includes carbon, silicon, and Germanium.
The element carbon is called the “basis of life” because it is found in all living things.
Commonly found in fossil fuels, computer chips, and paints

22. Nitrogen Family Found in Family 15
The nitrogen family is named after the element that makes up 78% of our atmosphere.
This family includes non-metals, metalloids, and metals .
Other elements in this family are phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.

23. Oxygen Family Found in Family 16.
Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust.
It is extremely active and combines with
almost all elements.
Includes sulfur which
is in rubber and rubber
bands.

24. Halogen Family Found in Family 17
The elements in this family are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
They are never found free in nature.
Very reactive family.
Found in table salt, drinking water, non-stick pans.
Halogen atoms only need to gain 1 electron to fill their outermost energy level.
They react with alkali metals to form salts.

25. Noble Gases Found in Family 18.
Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.
Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form compounds, the noble gases are called inert.
The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.
All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere, inflated balloons, glowing electric lights.

26. Atomic Mass and Isotopes
While most atoms have the same number of protons and neutrons, some don’t.
Some atoms have more or less neutrons than protons. These are called isotopes.
An atomic mass number with a decimal is the total of the number of protons plus the average number of neutrons.

27. Additional Information
Elements with higher atomic number than 92 are made by forcing nuclear particles to crash into one another using a particle accelerator.
These machines move particles so fast that they often fuse into larger nuclei.