1. The Status of the LHC Machine and the Experiments
LHCb
ATLAS
LHCf
Acknowledgements:
Many thanks to my numerous colleagues at CERN for the material they kindly provided
CMS
TOTEM
ALICE
LHC machine
10th International Conference on Instrumentation
for Colliding Beam Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia,
February 28 - March 5, 2008
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008
Werner Witzeling, CERN

2. The LHC machine
The Large Hadron Collier (LHC) will provide proton-proton collisions
at a centre of mass energy of 14 TeV
About 1800 superconducting magnets in the ~27km long tunnel
Superconducting RF cavities
And much more…
LHC placed in the LEP tunnel ( m underground)
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

3. LHC cryogenics Largest cryogenics installation in the world
A distributed system providing liquid Helium at 1.9 K along the 27 km circumference
Commissioning well advanced
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

4. LHC installation ~ 27 km Cryogenics distribution line Magnets
RF cavities
Feed box
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

5. LHC magnet installation
First magnet lowered into the tunnel
on 7 March ’05
Last of ~ 1800 superconducting magnets was lowered on 26 April ’07
Transport: km at 2 km/h
Closure of continuous cryostat on
5 November 2007
The installation of the LHC machine is practically complete
26 April 2007
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

6. LHC hardware commissioning
Hardware commissioning is performed centrally from the Cern Control Centre (CCC)
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

7. LHC commissioning: transfer lines and injections
IR8
TI 8 beam tests 23./ /
TI 8
SPS
LHC
IR2
Transfer lines:
combined length 5.6 km
over 700 magnets
ca. 2/3 of SPS
TI 2
TI 2 beam test 28./
PMI2
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

8. LHC hardware commissioning
Some 200 power circuits for the superconducting magnets have to be commissioned in each of the 8 sectors
Electrical quality assurance
Interlock protection tests
Powering tests
…..
Temperature
@9500A
17R4-B
@9789 A
27L5 (C-B-A)
@9857A
22R4 (A-B-C) then 21R4 (C)
Natural
quench
Natural
quenches
Provoked quench
Temperature
Ramping the main dipoles in sector 4-5
Time
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

9. LHC hardware commissioning (2)
Sector 4-5: Ramp of 138 power converters to a current equivalent to 5.3 TeV (including realistic LHC optics )
19 February 2008,15:00 commissioning team
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

10. LHC hardware commissioning summary
Large effort ongoing to commission the hardware on several sectors in parallel
Two sectors have been successfully cooled to 1.9 K (6.8 km!)
Dipoles in sector 4-5 have been ramped to currents equivalent to 6 TeV
Sector 4-5 being warmed now up to connect the triplets (on critical path)
Three sectors presently being cooled down
According to plan, all sectors should be cold by mid June ’08
Commissioning with beam should follow soon after
Follow the status of hardware commissioning online at:
Sector 45
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

11. The ATLAS detector
The ATLAS detector is a general purpose detector with an assembly of three large air-core toroids for the muon spectrometer
46 meters
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

12. ATLAS muon spectrometer
Three measurement stations:
MDT and CSC precision chambers
RPC and TGC trigger chambers
Covering an acceptance >96%
~95% of chambers installed
Cosmics data being taken routinely
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

13. ATLAS calorimeters Hadronic calorimeter Tile calorimeter
Electromagnetic Calorimeter
Lead-LAr accordeon
All three cryostats are cold
Both calorimeters: installation complete, cosmics data at regular intervals
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

14. ATLAS magnet system Barrel toroid: fully tested in Nov ’06
8 separate coils
End-Cap Toroid:
8 coils in a common cryostat
Barrel toroid: fully tested in Nov ’06
ECT tested to 75% of nominal
Full field test planned for May ‘08
Field mapping machine in solenoid
points measured (4 currents)
Solenoid: magnetic field mapped
Field integrals seen by the particles with measured with a precision of < 5·10-4
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

15. ATLAS Inner Detector
All components of the Inner Detector have been installed in 4 steps
Barrel SCT + TRT
2 End-Caps SCT + TRT
Full pixel detector + Be beam pipe
Commissioning is under way
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

16. ATLAS getting ready All detectors are installed
Last big detector “small muon wheel” installed
Inner Detector commissioning to be completed prior to
closure of detector
Combined toroid test in May
Intensive commissioning activity
ATLAS will be ready for the first collisions
Small wheel, 14 Feb 08
ATLAS control room
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

17. The CMS detector
The Compact Muon Solenoid detector (CMS) is a general purpose detector with a large superconducting solenoid
22 m
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

18. CMS assembly on surface
Concept from the very beginning: Pre-assembly of the ton detector on the surface to be independent of civil engineering
Assemble and test magnet and part of detectors on the surface, then lower into cavern
Cosmic in TK, ECAL, HCAL, Mu
13 major elements
Rapid access for maintenance
Surface assembly started in 2000, culminated in a system test in 2006
Magnet tested and field mapping performed
HCal and slices of all detectors installed and common cosmics run performed
(Magnet Test And Cosmics Challenge MTCC)
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

19. CMS moving underground
Lowering of heavy pieces started in Nov ’06 with the forward calorimeter
Followed by 3 end-cap disks and barrel wheel
Then central barrel with solenoid
Followed by re-installation of HCal
Central barrel Feb’07
HCal Apr’07
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

20. CMS moving underground (2)
Electromagnetic calorimeter
Insertion of tracker
Last heavy object: end cap disk YE-1
ECal Jul’07
YE-1 Jan’08
Tracker Dec’07
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

21. CMS getting ready
CMS has achieved a gigantic job moving the detector from the surface to the underground area
The ‘initial’ CMS detector is installed, except the pixel detector (ready end March) and one end-cap ECAL (May)
Pixel detector
Initial CMS detector will be closed by end May ’08 and will be ready for beam
(PS: If no beam imminent, the second ECal end-cap could be installed in July ’08 -> ‘low luminosity CMS detector’ )
Underground control room – Dec’07
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

22. The TOTEM detector (1) IP5
TOTEM is an experiment dedicated to the measurement of total cross section, elastic scattering and diffractive processes at the LHC
IP5
A. Near detectors (integrated in CMS): T1
Cathode strip chambers
2 symmetric arms
5 planes
Triple GEM chambers
10 layers per arm
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008
production finishing in April
production complete

23. The TOTEM detector (2) IP5 RP1 RP2
B. Far detectors: Roman pot stations (RP) with 2x2 units on either side of IP5
IP5
147 m
220 m
RP1
RP2
Edgeless
Si detectors
Dead area ~ 50 μm
All Si detectors produced
All Roman pot stations installed in tunnel
One station equipped with Si detectors
Roman pot unit in tunnel
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

24. The LHCb detector Interaction point
LHCb is designed to look for indirect evidence of new physics in CP violation and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons
Single Arm Forward
Spectrometer
Vertex Locator
Magnet
Tracking stations
RICH detectors
Calorimeters
Muon System
Interaction point
Acceptance
10 to 300 mrad
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

25. Vertex Locator (VeLo) Vertex locator installed on the beam line
42 Si detector modules located in a vacuum tank separated from the beam by a thin specially shaped aluminium foil
Commissioning in full swing
Beam eye’s view
r-measuring
f-measuring
Si sensor modules
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

26. Tracking stations Outer Tracker 3 stations 4 layers of straw tubes
per station
Installed, commissioning
ongoing
Trigger Tracker
4 layers of Si strip detectors
Installation ongoing
OT: Time spectrum of cosmics
Inner Tracker 3 stations
4 layers of Si strip detectors per station
Installation ongoing
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

27. RICH2 on-line display - February 2008
RICH detectors
RICH-1
Radiators: Aerogel and C4F10
Most components installed, commissioning started
with ½ of photon detectors
3.8m
RICH-2
Radiator: 100 m3 of CF4
Detector installed and commissioned
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008
RICH2 on-line display - February 2008
Hybrid Photon Detectors

28. Calorimeters Calorimeter system with four components
Scintillating Pad + Pre-shower detectors
Electromagnetic Calorimeter (Shashlik)
Hadronic calorimeter (Tiles)
Fully installed
Commissioning proceeding
Cosmic in ECal and HCal
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

29. Muon detector Muon system consists of 5 stations
Multi-wire proportional chambers
Except inner-most region of first station: triple GEM chambers
Stations M2-M5
MWPC 98% (of ~1100) installed
Alignment nearly completed
Commissioning proceeding
Stations M1
Installation of supports and services on the way
Chamber installation will not be completed by end April ’08
Between two Muon stations (open position)
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

30. LHCb getting ready
Installation of the LHCb detector will be completed in April ‘08 (except M1)
Commissioning of detector is ongoing
Because of the moderate luminosity (2x1032) required, LHCb hopes to produce new physics results early on
LHCb will be ready to take data from first day of p-p collisions
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

31. The ALICE detector
ALICE is a dedicated detector for the study of heavy-ion collisions at LHC energies
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

32. ALICE Installation Important progress in 2007
Installation of the Time Projection Chamber (TPC)
Inner Tracking System (+pixel, SPD..) and Beryllium beam pipe installed
Part of the TRD and TOF detectors installed
Insertion of ITS into the TPC
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

33. ALICE muon spectrometer arm
Installation essentially complete
Dipole magnet commissioned and field mapped
Tracking system (5 stations) installed (except ½ station for access)
Trigger chambers installed
View on tracking stations 1+ 2
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

34. Muon Tracking Chambers
ALICE commissioning
Cosmics run in December ’07
Operation form the ALICE control room
Up to 11 systems in global run
With data migrating to CASTOR
Muon Tracking Chambers
Muon showering in the TPC
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

35. ALICE getting ready
Installation of most ALICE detectors in 2007 as planned
Initial detector configuration required for the pp runs in 2008 will be achieved by April ‘08
Some more detector modules (TOF, TRD, PHOS, PMD) to be installed
Commissioning activities in full swing
ALICE will be ready to take data at first pp collisions
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

36. The LHCf detector
LHCf
Both arms installed and will take data during low-luminosity running
Goal: Improve understanding of high energy cosmic ray phenomena
By measuring the energy distribution of particles emitted in the very forward region of hadronic interactions
LHCf will measure forward production spectra of photons and π° (and neutrons)
scintillators
tungsten layers
scintillating fibers
Silicon layers
Simulation atmospheric
shower due to 1019 eV proton
scintillators
ARM 1
tungsten layers
ARM 2
140 meter
140 meter
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008

37. All the elements of the LHC machine required for the initial phase are installed
The commissioning of the machine is progressing in parallel on several sectors
The experiments will finish installation in May’08 and commissioning of the detectors is in full swing
A very large effort is being undertaken to start the operation of the LHC in summer 2008
Summary
10th International Conference on Colliding Beam Detectors, Novosibirsk
W.Witzeling
28 Feb 2008