1. Urogenital System Urinary System (Excretory System)
Descending
aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Urinary System
(Excretory System)
Reproductive System
Renal vein
Renal
artery
Right
kidney
Left
kidney
Ureter
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

2. Urinary System Organs Functions
Kidneys (______________ excretory organ)
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Functions
Remove __________________ waste product of protein metabolism and other harmful substances
Eliminates them in the form of ammonia, uric acid or urea
Eliminates controlled amounts of _______ and salts to maintain the internal environment
Function is ________ to make urine
Function is to maintain _________________ of blood (excrete wastes, absorb nutrients, maintain electrolytes, pH balance)

3. Rugae

5. Sends blood to ___________
Receives _______%
of systemic blood
at rest

7. Nephron Functional Unit of Kidney
Glomerulus
Afferent
arteriole
Efferent
arteriole
Renal Corpuscle

9. Nephron Up to ____ million in kidney Functions Filtration Reabsorption
removes dissolved substances from ___________ (blood supply)
what remains is called the filtrate
Reabsorption
Substances from filtrate leave nephron
Reabsorb ________ tubule into blood or interstitial fluid
Secretion
Releases substances from blood supply or interstitial fluid _________tubule
(opposite direction from reabsorption)

10. a.a., glucose, H2O, Na+
H2O, K+
a.a., glucose, H2O
H2O
H2O
NaCl
H2O, urea
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
NH3
ADH

11. Filtration
Blood pressure forces water and dissolved substances out of the glomerulus blood into _____________ capsule
Dissolved substances (__________): H2O, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and wastes (no proteins or cells)
Averages 125 ml/min for both kidneys (180 liters/day)
The vast majority of the filtrate (99%) must be taken back to body’s __________ ___________.
Urinate (wastes) on avg ml/day (______ gallons)

12. Reabsorption
The return of substances from filtrate in the nephron tubule to the blood or interstitial fluid
Major Substances:
H2O - osmosis
NaCl - active transport
Glucose, amino acids - active co-transport
Some urea and other salts
_________ – most reabsorption
Descending loop – reabsorb ________
Ascending loop & DCT – reabsorbs _______
Collecting duct – reabsorbs ______

13. Secretion The active release of substances INTO the nephron tubule.
Purposes:
Secreted Substances: toxins and drug residues
Electrolyte balance: K+ exchanged for Na+
Acid-base balance: H+ , NH3
Antidiuretic hormone (______): produced by posterior pituitary, increases water permeability of the DCT and collecting duct
Cranberry juice – acidifies urine to help discourage bacteria and some types of kidney stones; decrease UTI by inhibiting bacteria from adhering to urinary tract walls

14. Osmotic Pressure (________________)

15. Urine _________________ – process of urination Normal Urine
Abnormal Urine
H2O
95%
Glucose
Recent intake of sugary foods,
Nitrogeneous wastes
urea, uric acid,
diabetes melitis (Glycosuria)
ammonia, creatine
Protein
Physical exertion, high protein;
Electrolytes
Na+, NH4+, K+,
hypertension, glomerulonephritis (Proteinuria)
Cl-, PO4-3, SO4-2
Ketone bodies
Starvation, untreated diabetes mellitus
Toxins
bacterial poisons
Hemoglobin
Hemolytic anemia, severe burns
Pigments
products of breaking down RBC,
Bile pigments
Hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile obstruction
filtered from food and drugs
Erythrocytes
Bleeding due to trauma, kidney stones,
Hormones
infection, cancer (Hematuria)
Leukocytes
Urinary tract infection

16. Internal sphincter – involuntary
External sphincter - voluntary

17. Disorders and Diseases
Pyuria – _____ in urine
Dysuria – _________urination
Polyuria – large amounts of urine
Oliguria – very little urine
Anuria – ________ of urine
Renal Calculi – crystallized _________ in renal pelvis or calyx (kidney stones)
Neurogenic bladder – _______________ urine retention, bulging bladder, burning sensation
Overactive bladder – frequent urination, pain, oliguria
UTI: ______________ infection
Urethritis: inflammation of urethra; result of gonorrhea and Chlamydia; most common in males
Cystitis: inflammation of bladder; more common in females due to shorter urethra
Nephritis: inflammation of ___________
Pyelonephritis – inflammation of renal pelvis
Renal Failure – kidney failure