2. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: Description and Mechanisms of Action.

3. HCG Description and Mechanisms of Action
HCG Nature: molecular structure, physiology and mechanism of action.
hCG and Hypothalamus.
hCG and mood.
hCG and adipose tissue metabolism.
hCG and extragonadal actions.
Oral approach characteristics.
Double-blind study: considerations.

4. HCG nature: molecular structure, physiology and mechanisms of action.

6. HCG Nature
hCG is a glycoproteic substance , normally secreted by trophoblastic cells of the placenta.
Consists of two dissimilar, separately but coordinately translated chains called the Alpha (α) and Beta (β) subunits.
Amino acid sequences of the Beta (β) subunits differ because of the unique immunological and biological activities of each glycoproteic hormone.

7. HCG Nature
The three pituitary hormones LH (Luteinizing Hormone) are closely related to hCG.
All four are glycosylated and have a dimeric structure comprising an Alpha and Beta chain.
The amino acid sequences of the Alpha chain of all four human glycoproteic hormones are nearly identical.

8. hCG is NO HORMONE A hormone (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus") is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism.

11. Human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN?

16. HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN?

19. HCG Nature
Biological/immunological properties of hCG
Biological aspect:
Stimulation of ovulation.
Physiological activities in human tissues: liver, spleen, pancreas, thyroids, etc.
Immunological aspect:
Responsible for immunological reactions (immunostimulation, immunosuppression)
Responsible for results in pregnancy tests.

20. HCG and Hypothalamus

21. HCG and Hypothalamus
Once hCG is administered, it can also be traced in the hypothalamic region.

25. Hypothalamus Ventromedial and Lateral nucleus

26. The hypothalamus – Obesity Experimental field
Surgical destruction of Ventromedial and Lateral Hypothalamic Nuclei causes hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia and obesity in experimental animals.

30. MSG: Monosodium Glutamate

31. Hypothalamic-lesioned rat
400% wt increase
Finicky
Prefer good tasting food (palatable)
Not willing to work for food
Make great house guests

32. Obesity genesis, hCG and hypothalamus

33. HCG and Hypothalamus
Obesity is a poorly understood disease whose origins may be traced into the hypothalamic region.
Probably due to an imbalance of neuropeptides concentration in the hypothalamic area.

34. Hypothalamus, obesity and neuropeptides

35. Neuropeptides

36. HCG and Hypothalamus

37. hCG exogenous administration acumulates in the brain

38. HCG and Hypothalamus

41. HCG and Mood
Administering hCG systemically in man results in appreciable amounts of hCG in the central nervous system and established that the drug would be present and available to signal neurogenesis.

42. How fits hCG administration on our hypothesis of its actions on obesity?

43. hCG and adipose tissue metabolism
hCG and mood
hCG and adipose tissue metabolism

44. HCG and Mood: Patients feel in an excellent mood throughout the entire treatment period

45. hCG, sensation of wellbeing, and Beta endorphins

46. β-endorphin is a five amino acid sequence that heads the molecule.
HCG and Mood
β-endorphin is a five amino acid sequence that heads the molecule.
Even though hCG does not contain the exact same sequence, the hCG’s epitopes react to the immunoreactive β-endorphin molecule.
β-endorphin is present in high concentrations in the hypothalamus.
Epitopes
- hCGββ (green)
- hCGα (blue)
- hCG only dimer (red)

47. Commercial preparations of hCG contain β-endorphin
These results suggest that placental extracts (especially chorionic gonadotropin preparation) may contain immunoreactive β-endorphin. Its administration resulted in a net improvement of mood and pain release.

48. hCG and Adipose Tissue Metabolism

49. Metabolismo del tejido graso
capillary
capillary NE
FFA
Glycerol
Glycerol
FFA
triglyceride Ep
Glu
LIVER
(insulin)
nucleus

50. A working hypothesis
hCG

51. A working hypothesis
Hypothalamus
Adipose tissue
Neuropeptide?

52. hCG and Adipose Tissue Metabolism
A working hypothesis
hCG decreases lipogenesis in adipose tissue, via the hypothalamus
A VLCD + hCG lipogenesis inhibition stimulates lipolysis and fat release from the adipocyte.

56. In humans