2. Electron Beam Welding
High power focused electron gun provides energy to weld
Requires a vacuum chamber
Good for deep penetration welds
High purity
Tends to be used for smaller applications
Aerospace, medical
[Reference: TWI]

3. Electron Beam Welding

4. Laser Welding High energy density process Deep penetration
Keyhole mode
Low heat input
Small HAZ
Variety of applications
Welding with or without filler (powder or wire)
Surface hardening
Cladding
Cutting

5. Laser Applications

6. See Resistance Spot welding overview:
Resistance Welding
Heating from interface resistance
Widely used for sheet metal fabrication
See Resistance Spot welding overview:

7. Resistance Seam Welding

8. Resistance Seam Welding of Tube
See Resistance Seam welding process video:

9. See a drill pipe joined by friction welding:
Friction provides heat
Motion breaks down oxide
Soft metal squeezes out as flash
‘Upset’ force is applied
Parts are allowed to move together (no relative motion) and bond is formed before releasing force
See a drill pipe joined by friction welding:

10. Friction Stir Welding
A rotating tool is used to ‘stir’ solid metal and form a joint
Good fatigue and tensile properties
Tolerant of surface oxides
75 mm thick in a single pass
Low heat input
Distortion
Preserve solution heat treatments

11. Friction Stir Welding

12. SS Schenectady - US Merchant Ship
Read the summary at: