1. Chapter “1” General Biology Review Power Point
Biology is the study of “LIFE”
All living things are composed of “CELLS”
All cells have the same basic “STRUCTURE”
All cells are surrounded by thin coverings called cell membranes
Some organisms are SINGLE-CELLED while others are MULTICELLULAR
SINGLE-CELLED = composed of only one cell. Ex. Sand dollar; paramecium, ameoba
MULTICELLED = composed of more than one cell ex. Humans, lice, dogs, trees

2. Energy is the ability to cause change
The energy that drives metabolism comes from “FOOD”
Animals must consumer or get their food from another source. They are called HETEROTROPHS/CONSUMERS
Plants make their own food. They are called PRODUCERS/AUTOTROPHS
Energy flows=sun to plants to plant eaters to meat eaters

3. Energy that is used by living organbisms originates from the “SUN”
All living things maintain a balance within their cells and the environment through a process of “homeostasis”
As a characteristic of all living things, homeostasis relates most directly to the biological theme of “STABILITY”

4. Homeostasis means “maintaining a stable internal environment”
Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in spite of changes in the environment.

5. The characteristics that are considered distinct properties of all living things are as follows:
1. Being either unicellular or Multicellular
2. Using energy
3. Reproduction (produce offspring)
4. Pass on genetic information to offspring.
5. Responding to the environment
6. Ability to grow and develop
7. Homeostasis

6. REPRODUCTION =Process of making more of their own kind; All living things can reproduce
Reproduction ensures the ongoing success of all species
METABOLISM = Sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an
Chemical reactions : metabolism:: Cells: organism (chemical reactions make up metabolism as cells make up an organism)
SPECIES = Group of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring.

7. HEREDITY is the passing on of traits from parents to offspring
Molecules of DNA inside cells encode information to direct their growth and development
All livings things have DNA in their cells
DNA codes for the production of proteins
An animal’s traits are determined by its GENES

8. Gene therapy =The process of replacing a defective gene with a healthy gene
Genetic engineers are transplanting plant DNA into other plants to create crops that are resistant to herbicides. This should allow genetically engineered crops to be better resistant to insecticides. Thereby cutting down on the need for insecticides
Genetic engineers are trying to create plants that are more nutritionally balanced.
Gene therapy is being used to manage CYSTIC FIBROSIS

9. Cystic Fibrosis = produces sticky mucus in the passages of the lungs.
CANCER = uncontrolled cell growth
HIV = virus that destroys the immune system, causing AIDS
ECOLOGY = Study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the nonliving part of their environment

10. NOT a series of rigidly defined steps
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
NOT a series of rigidly defined steps
GENERAL ORDER
Observations
Define the Problem (Questions)
Hypothesis
Predictions
Controlled Testing
Collect and Analyze data
Conclusion

11. OBSERVATION
Noticing something different. Ex. A scientist noticed that the number of salamanders in a pond were declining. This is an observation.

12. HYPOTHESIS
Testable possible explanation; educated guess or a suggestion
Never be proven true; you may either reject or accept the hypothesis
Reject = not supported by the data

13. EXPERIMENTATION Two major groups
Control Group = NO CHANGE/No experimental treatment
Experimental Group= Single variable. It is the group that receives some type of treatment

14. EXPERIMENT Cont… Experimenting is used to test a hypothesis
It is a planned procedure
Two variables = Dependent & Independent
The variable that is being measured = dependent
INDEPENDENT Variable =The variable that you manipulate/change

15. The control group and the experimental group are not identical.
A scientific theory = is not absolutely certain, it is changeable and may be revised as new evidence is presented

16. Possible Short Answer Questions
Toads that live in hot , dry regions bury themselves in the soil during the day. How might this be important to the toads?
Explain why it is difficult for a scientist to develop a vaccine that is effective against HIV?

17. Toads must maintain homeostasis a constant internal environment in order to function properly. Burying themselves in the soil is a way to keep their body temperature from rising too high and to keep their bodies from drying out.

18. It is difficult to develop a vaccine because the virus changes (mutates) very quickly. Thus scientists do not have a stable target to make the vaccine against