1. Testing and Individual Differences Define intelligence…
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2. Who Is the Most Intelligent?...

3. Serena Williams
Age 22 won a record-setting three Grand Slam tennis titles in a row for an unheard-of 6 Grand Slams
Won the 2003 Wimbledon title
First woman tennis player to earn $4 million in a single year

4. Bill Gates
At age 48 he became the richest man in the US- worth $61 billion
He began writing computer programs in 8th grade
Wrote one of the first operating systems to run a computer
In his 20s he founded Microsoft

5. Kim Ung-Yong
Scored a 210 IQ on the Stanford-Binet test and made the Guinness Book of World Records
By age 3 he learned differential calculus
By age 4 he could read & write 4 languages
He received his Ph.D in physics at age 15 and then began work for NASA

6. Midori Age 3 she began playing the violin
She could memorize and flawlessly perform long and complicated pieces of classical music
By age 10 she was considered a musical prodigy and played with the NY Philharmonic Orchestra

7. How Do We Measure Individual Differences?
Measuring individual differences is an essential component of psychology, but strict guidelines and ethical standards must be followed to ensure results and conclusions are valid and appropriate
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8. Validity and Reliability
Validity – A property exhibited by a test that measures what it purports to measure
Face validity
Content validity
Item analysis
Criterion validity
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9. Validity and Reliability
Reliability – A property exhibited by a test that yields the same results over time
Test-retest reliability
Split-half reliability
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10. Standardization and Norms
Scientists use statistics to establish a normal curve
This curve can be used to describe most phenomena
Normal range – Scores falling near the middle of a normal distribution
fudge
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11. The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores
Many
Number of Persons
Normal Range
Few 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
100 IQ
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12. Types of Tests Objective tests can be scored easily by machine
In subjective tests, individuals are given an ambiguous figure or an open-ended situation and asked to describe what they see or finish a story
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13. Inkblots
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14. With this idea in mind Rorschach Tests are losing ground.
Inter-rater reliability measures how similarly two different test scorers would score a test
With this idea in mind Rorschach Tests are losing ground.
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15. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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16. Ethics and Standards in Testing
Ethical concerns related to testing involve:
The confidentiality of the test results
How to report the results
How to use the test to compare individuals
The impact of tests on society as a whole
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17. What do you know?
When we check to see whether a test will yield the same results over time, we are assessing its
Reliability
Validity
Normality
Objectivity
subjectivity
The TAT is a _______________ test?
All of the following are components of ethical testing except:
Item analysis
instinct
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18. How is Intelligence Measured?
Intelligence testing has a history of controversy, but most psychologists now view intelligence as a normally distributed trait that can be measured by performance on a variety of tasks
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19. How is Intelligence Measured?
Binet-Simon Test calculated a child’s mental age and compared it to his or her chronological age
In America, testing became widespread for the assessment of Army recruits, immigrants, and schoolchildren
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is the most respected of the new American tests of intelligence
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20. How is Intelligence Measured?
Intelligence quotient – A numerical score on an intelligence test, original computed by dividing a person’s mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100
The original IQ calculation was abandoned in favor of standard scores based on the normal distribution
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21. Sample IQ Test Items Select the best definition for each word: Viable
Traveled
Capable of living
V-shaped
Can be bent
Imminent
Defenseless
Expensive
Impending
notorious
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22. Analogies: examine the relationship between the first two words
Analogies: examine the relationship between the first two words. Then find the answer that has the same relationship with the word in bold letters:
Washington:Lincoln
July:
January
April
May
October
Ocean:Canoe
Verse:
Poem
Pen
Water
serve
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23. Similarities: Which letter on the right belongs to the same category as the one on the left?
J AMSZT
A SDUVX
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24. Sequences: Choose the answer that best completes the sequence:
Azbycxd? E, s, u, w, f
? 16, 18, 21, 27, 128
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25. Mathematical reasoning
Portland and Seattle are actually 150 miles apart, but on a map they are two inches apart. If Chicago and Norfolk are five inches apart on the same map, what is the actual distance between those two cities?
125 miles
250 miles
375 miles
525 miles
The roundest knight at King Arthur's round table was Sir Cumference.       He acquired his size from too much pi.
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26. The Exceptional Child
Mental retardation – Often conceived as representing the lower 2% of the IQ range
Giftedness – Often conceived as representing the upper 2% of the IQ range
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27. Terman’s studies
Selected 1528 children who scored near the top of the IQ range in 1921.
Longitudinal study until they were adults.
Retested them throughout the years.
Gathered information on achievements and adjustment patterns.
Excelled in school
They published 2000 scientific articles, patented 235 inventions, wrote 92 books.
Despite achievements none of them became a Picasso, Einstein etc. Many of them led normal uneventful lives.
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28. Check your understanding
RECALL: One of Binet’s great ideas was that of mental age, which was defined as
a. the average age at which people achieve a particular score on an intelligence test.
b. an individual’s biological age plus the score he or she achieves on a mental test.
c. an individual’s level of emotional maturity, as judged by the examiner.
d. The variability in scores seen when an individual is tested repeatedly.
e. a means of measuring performance on a test against a specific learning goal.
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29. APPLICATION:
You have tested a 12-year-old child and found that she has a mental age of 15. Using the original IQ formula, what is her IQ? 50 75
100
115
125
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30. RECALL:
A problem with the original IQ formula is that it gave a distorted picture of the intellectual abilities of
Adults
Children
Retarded persons
Gifted students
The elderly
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31. Core Concept
If intelligence is a normally distributed characteristic, then you would expect to find it
To be different abilities in different people
To be spread throughout the population, but with most people clustered near the middle of the range.
To a significant degree only in people whose IQ scores are above 100.
To be determined entirely by hereditary factors.
To be determined entirely by environmental factors.
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32. What Are the Components of Intelligence?
Some psychologists believe that the essence of intelligence is a single, general factor, while others believe intelligence is best described as a collection of distinct abilities
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33. What Are the Components of Intelligence?
Savant syndrome – Found in individuals who have a remarkable talent even though they are mentally slow in other domains
What Are the Components of Intelligence?
Dustin Hoffman portrayed an autistic savant in the film Rain Man.
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34. Psychometric Theories of Intelligence
People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on other. He concluded that intelligence is general cognitive ability that could be measured and numerically expressed
g Factor – A general ability, proposed by Spearman as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity
G – is for general intellect, something that is innate.
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35. Raymond Cattell 1963 two components:
Psychometric Theories of Intelligence “Mental Measurements” These Psychologists develop tests to measure mental abilities
Raymond Cattell 1963 two components:
Crystallized intelligence – The knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge
Fluid intelligence – The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
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36. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Practical Intelligence
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
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37. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Practical Intelligence
Ability to cope with the environment; “street smarts”
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
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38. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Practical Intelligence
Ability to analyze problems and find correct answers; ability measured by most IQ tests
Analytical Intelligence
also called logical reasoning
Creative Intelligence
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39. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Practical Intelligence
Form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships among concepts; involves insight and creativity
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
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40. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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41. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Often measured on IQ tests with reading comprehension and vocabulary tests
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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42. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Often measured on IQ tests with analogies, math problems and logic problems
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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43. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Ability to form mental images of objects and think about their relationships in space
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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44. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Ability to perceive and create patterns of rhythms and pitches
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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45. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Ability for controlled movement and coordination
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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46. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Ability to understand other people’s emotions, motives and actions
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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47. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Ability to know oneself and to develop a sense of identity
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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48. Gardner’s Three New Intelligences
Naturalistic intelligence - ability to discern patterns in nature – (e.g. Darwin)
Spiritual Intelligence - recognition of the spiritual
Existential intelligence - concern with 'ultimate issues' – The meaning of life kind of stuff.
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49. Cultural Definitions of Intelligence
Cross-cultural psychologists have shown that “intelligence” has different meanings in different cultures
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50. How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups?
While most psychologists agree that both heredity and environment affect intelligence, they disagree on the source of IQ differences among racial and social groups
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51. How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups?
Hereditarian arguments maintain that intelligence is substantially influenced by genetics
Environmental approaches argue that intelligence can be dramatically shaped by influences such as
Health
Economics
Education
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52. Heritability and Group Differences
Heritability – Amount of trait variation within a group, raised under the same conditions, that can be attributed to genetic differences
Heritability says nothing about between-group differences
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53. Heritability and Group Differences
Research with twins and adopted children shows genetic influences on a wide range of attributes, including intelligence
Research has also shown that racial and class differences in IQ scores can be eliminated by environmental changes
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54. End of PPT
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