1. The Settlement of the Chesapeake By Ms. Susan M. Pojer and
edited by Mr. Lopez

2. What event marked the gradual demise of the Spanish Empire
What event marked the gradual demise of the Spanish Empire? How did this lead to a shift from Spanish to English Impirial expansion?

3. Catalysts to English Empire (pg30)
Queen Elizabeth and rising nationalism Population growth and thirst for land
Joint-stock company.
Political and religious freedom (reformation)
Demise of Spanish Empire: Phillip II and “The Spanish Armada”

5. First Attempts
Sir Humphrey Gilbert tried in 1583, but died while at sea
His ½ brother, Sir Walter Raleigh and 75 men established a colony at Roanoke Island in present day Virginia in 1585
Colony ultimately failed when new supplies failed to arrive
In 1587, Raleigh tried again(115 men, women, and children).
When Raleigh returned to Roanoke from England in entire colony had vanished…including the buildings
20 years later the English tried again and this time it took- Jamestown Colony was established in 1607

6. Why did first attempts at English colonies fail?

7. Virginia Co.

8. Types of Colonies In British North America
Charter Colony: Chartered to an individual, trading company, etc. by the British crown
Proprietary Colony: One or more private land owners are granted territories over which they then have full governing rights
Royal Colony: A colony that is governed directly by the crown

9. Chesapeake Bay

10. English Colonization The Charter of the Virginia Company:
Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as Englishmen .
Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!

11. England Plants Jamestown
Late 1606  VA Co. sends out 3 ships
Spring 1607  land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay and are attacked by Indians.
May 24, 1607  about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James River
Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.

12. Geographic/environmental problems??
Chesapeake Bay
Geographic/environmental problems??

13. Jamestown Fort

14. Jamestown Fort & Settlement (Computer Generated)

15. Jamestown Housing

16. Jamestown Settlement

17. Jamestown Chapel, 1611

18. The Jamestown Nightmare
 40 people died on the voyage.
1609  another ship from England shipwrecks off Bermuda.
Once in Jamestown, settlers died by the dozens!
“Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.
Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.
Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming.

19. Captain John Smith: The Right Man for the Job??

20. High Mortality Rates The “Starving Time”: 1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%

21. What finally made the colony prosperous??
John Rolfe
What finally made the colony prosperous??

22. Movie Clip

23. Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612
Tobacco Plant
Virginia’s gold and silver John Rolfe, 1612

24. Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds oftobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

25. Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?

26. Indentured Servitude
Headright System
Indentured Contract, 1746

27. Indentured Servitude Headright System: Indenture Contract:
Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid.
Indenture Contract:
5-7 years.
Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]
Forbidden to marry.
: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

28. Richard Frethorne’s 1623 Letter
Exit Ticket
In-Class Activity:
Describe the life of the indentured servant as presented in this letter.
What are some of the problems he and the other servants experienced?
What are their biggest fears?
What does a historian learn about life in the 17c Chesapeake colony?

29. Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”
Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:
Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.
Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.
Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.
Need for cheap, abundant labor.

30. English Migration:

31. River Settlement Pattern
Large plantations [>100 acres].
Widely spread apart [>5 miles].
Social/Economic PROBLEMS???

32. Jamestown Colonization Pattern 1620-1660

33. Chief Powhatan Powhatan Confederacy
Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes in the James River
Powhatan probably saw the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.

34. Powhatan Confederacy

35. Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith
A 1616 engraving

36. Smith’s Portrayal of Nat. Americans

37. Powhatan Indian Village

38. Indian Foods

39. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake*
Relations between Indians & settlers worsen.
General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.
English raided Indian food supplies during starving times.
 First Anglo-Powhatan War
De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.
Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.

40. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
peace between Powhatans and the English through the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe.
 periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.
1622  Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].
Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.
Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.

41. Powhatan Uprising of 1622

42. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
 Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Last effort of natives to defeat English.
Indians defeated again.
Peace Treaty of 1646
Removed the Powhatans from their original land.
Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas!

43. Rare intermarriage compared to Spanish and French
How did the Powhattan Wars serve as a foundation for racial hiearchy and hostile relationships with Native Americans?
Rare intermarriage compared to Spanish and French
Colonies based on agriculture thus leading to land competition

44. Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

45. Virginia House of Burgesses

46. Growing Political Power
The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England
Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17c, H of B was able to initiate legislation.
A Council appointed by royal governor
Mainly leading planters.
High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.

47. Maryland

48. The Settlement of Maryland
A royal charter was granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632.
A proprietary colony created in 1634.
A healthier location than Jamestown.
Tobacco would be the main crop.
His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.
Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

49. Colonization of Maryland

50. St Mary’s City (1634)

51. Currency in Early Maryland

52. A Haven for Catholics Maryland Toleration Act of 1649
Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.
Maryland Toleration Act of 1649
Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.
Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].
In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!

53. MD Toleration Act, 1649

54. The Toleration Act of 1649
...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise in a reproachfull manner or way declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this province or within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every such offender and offenders...
and if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, or they shall satisfy the party so offended or grieved by such reproachful language...."

55. British Settlements by 1660

56. Colonial Tensions
What was the economic and social situation of indentured servants after they completed their servitude contract?

57. Bacon’s Rebellion: Frustrated Freemen
Late 1600s  large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.
Little access to land or women for marriage.
1670  The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!

58. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676
Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley
Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians.
Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area.
Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements.
Nathaniel Bacon
Governor William Berkeley

59. Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

60. Bacon’s Rebellion
Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.
They burned the capital.
Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.
Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hung 20 rebels.

61. Results of Bacon’s Rebellion
Socio-economic class clashes between rural (inland frontiersmen/landless former servants) and urban communities (gentry on coastal plantations)***
Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel  AFRICAN SLAVES!!***

62. Colonial Slavery First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.
perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until the end of the 17c.

63. 17c Population in the Chesapeake
WHY this large increase in black popul.??

64. The Atlantic Slave Trade

65. Goods Traded with Africa

66. The “Middle Passage”

67. Colonial Slavery Beginning in 1662  “Slave Codes”
Made blacks [and their children] property for life of white masters.
In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write.
By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants

68. The Carolinas

69. The West Indies  Way Station to Mainland America
1670  a group of small English farmers from the West Indies arrived in Carolina.
Were squeezed out by sugar barons.
Brought a few black slaves and a model of the Barbados slave code with them.
Names for King Charles II.
The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters [Lord Proprietors].
They hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.

70. Settling the “Lower South”

71. Colonizing the Carolinas
Carolina developed close economic ties to the West Indies.
Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the West Indies.
They used local Savannah Indians to enslave other Indians [about 10,000] and send them to the West Indies [and some to New England].
1707  Savannah Indians decided to migrate to PA.
PA promised better relations with whites.
Carolinians decided to “thin” the Savannahs before they could leave  bloody raids killed most of them by 1710.

72. Port of Charles Town, SC Also named for King Charles II of England.
Became the busiest port in the South.
City with aristocratic feel.
Religious toleration attracted diverse inhabitants.

73. American Long Grain Rice
Crops of the Carolinas: Rice
The primary export.
Rice was still an exotic food in England.
Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves.
These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria.
By 1710  black slaves were a majority in Carolina.
American Long Grain Rice

74. Crops of the Carolinas: Indigo
In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.
Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.

75. Rice & Indigo Exports from SC & GA: 1698-1775

76. Conflict With Spanish Florida
Catholic Spain hated the mass of Protestants on their borders.
Anglo-Spanish Wars
The Spanish conducted border raids on Carolina.
Either inciting local Native Americans to attack or attacking themselves.
By 1700  Carolina was too strong to be wiped out by the Spanish!

77. The Emergence of North Carolina
Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA
VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally Church of England members.
Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.
Poor farmers with little need for slaves.
Religious dissenters.
Distinctive traits of North Carolinians
Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.
Strong spirit of resistance to authority.
1712  NC officially separated from SC.

78. Georgia

79. 18c Southern Colonies

80. Late-Coming Georgia Founded in 1733. Last of the 13 colonies.
Named in honor of King George II.
Founded by James Oglethorpe.

81. Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony
Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia:
As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana.
Received subsidies from British govt. to offset costs of defense.
Export silk and wine.
A haven for debtors thrown in to prison.
Determined to keep slavery out!
Slavery found in GA by 1750.

82. The Trustees of Georgia [1734]

83. The Port City of Savannah
Diverse community.
All Christians except Catholics enjoyed religious toleration.
Missionaries worked among debtors and Indians  most famous was John Wesley.