2. Chapter Menu Lesson 1: Energy from the Sun
Lesson 2: Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Lesson 3: Air Currents
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3. 9.1 Energy from the Sun atmosphere troposphere stratosphere
electromagnetic spectrum
infrared radiation
ultraviolet wave

4. 9.1 Energy from the Sun
Earth’s Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds Earth.

5. Layers in the Atmosphere
9.1 Energy from the Sun
Layers in the Atmosphere
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
What is the structure of Earth’s atmosphere?

6. Layers in the Atmosphere (cont.)
9.1 Energy from the Sun
Layers in the Atmosphere (cont.)

7. The Sun’s Continuous Spectrum
9.1 Energy from the Sun
The Sun’s Continuous Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum includes the entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

8. 9.1 Energy from the Sun
Visible Radiation
Sunlight is sometimes referred to as visible light or white light.
The Sun’s energy peaks in the range of visible light.

9. Near-Visible Radiation
9.1 Energy from the Sun
Near-Visible Radiation
Infrared (IR) radiation has longer wavelengths than visible light.
Ultraviolet (UV) waves have shorter wavelengths than visible light.

10. Sunlight Penetrating the Atmosphere
9.1 Energy from the Sun
Sunlight Penetrating the Atmosphere

11. 9.1 Energy from the Sun
A Blue Sky
Blue, indigo, and violet light is absorbed and reflected as it passes through the atmosphere.
The sky appears blue when blue light scatters and reaches our eyes.

12. 9.1 Energy from the Sun
A Red Sunset
As the Sun sets, light travels a longer path through Earth’s atmosphere.
Longer wavelengths (yellow, orange) are reflected, leaving only the longest wavelength, red, to reach our eyes.

13. 9.1 Energy from the Sun
A Black Sky
Since space has no atmosphere to reflect or scatter any light, the sky would appear black.

14. The Sun’s Power Solar heating provides energy to warm Earth.
9.1 Energy from the Sun
The Sun’s Power
Solar heating provides energy to warm Earth.
Solar radiation is constant and uniform, but is not evenly distributed on Earth.

15. 9.1 Energy from the Sun
The Angle of Sunlight
The Earth is a sphere and therefore the sun’s light strikes the surface at different angles.

16. 9.1 Energy from the Sun
Sun’s Energy on Earth
The Sun’s energy serves as the power for air currents, weather systems, and the water cycle.
Energy from the sun can be harnessed directly and indirectly.
The Water Cycle

17. The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is _____. A argon B oxygen
9.1 Energy from the Sun A B C D
The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is _____.
A argon
B oxygen
C nitrogen
D ozone
Lesson 1 Review

18. Which is a list of visible light from longest to shortest wavelength?
9.1 Energy from the Sun A B C D
Which is a list of visible light from longest to shortest wavelength?
A blue, indigo, violet, green, red, orange, yellow
B violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
C red, orange, yellow, blue, indigo, violet, green
D red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
Lesson 1 Review

19. What percent of incoming solar radiation is reflected? A 30% B 5%
9.1 Energy from the Sun A B C D
What percent of incoming solar radiation is reflected?
A 30%
B 5%
C 25%
D 50%
Lesson 1 Review

20. End of Lesson 1

21. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
inversion
greenhouse gas
global warming

22. Conduction in Air Conduction heats air close to Earth’s surface.
9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Conduction in Air
Conduction heats air close to Earth’s surface.

23. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Convection
Convection moves hot air that is near the Earth’s surface to higher altitudes.
In a convection current, hot air rises and cold air sinks due to differences in density.
Convection currents distribute heat energy within the troposphere.

24. Temperature Inversions
9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Temperature Inversions
An inversion occurs when warm air sits on top of cold air.
The air that is rising from Earth’s surface can only reach a certain height, and then it becomes trapped under the inversion.

25. Radiation Radiation is the form of heat transfer that warms the Earth.
9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Radiation
Radiation is the form of heat transfer that warms the Earth.
Different molecules absorb radiation with different wavelengths.
Every object in the universe emits radiation as long as it has a temperature above absolute zero.

26. Maintaining Radiation Balance
9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Maintaining Radiation Balance
The total amount of energy reaching Earth from the Sun is equal to the amount of energy leaving Earth.

27. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases such as water vapor, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide are responsible for a large percentage of the additional warming of Earth’s surface.
Global warming is the process in which the average surface temperature increases.
Global Warming

28. Greenhouse Gases (cont.)
9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases (cont.)

29. Greenhouse Gases (cont.)
9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases (cont.)

30. What form of heat transfer needs material through which to travel?
9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere A B C D
What form of heat transfer needs material through which to travel?
A radiation
B convection
C conduction
D subduction
Lesson 2 Review

31. What condition would exist in a typical inversion?
9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere A B C D
What condition would exist in a typical inversion?
A the temperature in the troposphere decreases with height
B the temperature in the troposphere increases with height
C the temperature in the stratosphere increases with height
D the temperature in the stratosphere decreases with height
Lesson 2 Review

32. Which of the following is a greenhouse gas? A oxygen B nitrogen
9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere A B C D
Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?
A oxygen
B nitrogen
C water vapor
D argon
Lesson 2 Review

33. End of Lesson 2

34. 9.3 Air Currents
wind
updraft
downdraft
Coriolis effect
jet stream

35. 9.3 Air Currents
Local Winds and Eddies
Wind is air that is in motion relative to the surface.
An eddy is a current of air that runs counter to the main current.

36. Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface
9.3 Air Currents
Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface
Uneven heating of Earth’s surface by the sun causes differences in air pressure which causes wind.
Materials on Earth’s surface absorb or reflect different amounts of sunlight.

37. Percent of Reflection of Solar Radiation
9.3 Air Currents
Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface (cont.)
Percent of Reflection of Solar Radiation

38. Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface (cont.)
9.3 Air Currents
Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface (cont.)
Differences in materials on the Earth’s surface cause the air to heat unevenly resulting in convection currents.

39. Updrafts As land becomes warm, it warms the air above it.
9.3 Air Currents
Updrafts
As land becomes warm, it warms the air above it.
An updraft, or thermal, occurs as the air is heated and it expands becoming less dense than the surrounding air.

40. 9.3 Air Currents
Downdrafts
A downdraft, or sinking column of air, occurs when dense air sinks toward Earth’s surface.

41. 9.3 Air Currents
The Coriolis Effect
The Coriolis effect is the deflection of wind caused by Earth’s rotation.

42. Global Convection Currents
9.3 Air Currents
Global Convection Currents
In the one cell model, Earth’s atmosphere circulated in a large convection cell in each hemisphere.
The three cell model more accurately describes Earth’s atmosphere.

43. The Three-Cell Model First Cell: Hadley Cell
9.3 Air Currents
The Three-Cell Model
First Cell: Hadley Cell
Between 0º to near 30º latitude
Second Cell: Ferrel Cell
Between 30º and 60º latitude
Third Cell: Polar Cell
Between 60º and 90º latitude

44. 9.3 Air Currents
Prevailing Winds
The global cells in each hemisphere create northerly and southerly winds.
Trade winds
Westerlies
Polar easterlies

45. 9.3 Air Currents
Jet Streams
Jet streams are strong, continuous winds that range from around 200–250 km/h.
6-10 km above Earth’s surface
polar jet stream
subtropical jet stream

46. 9.3 Air Currents A B C D
_____ result when a large area of land absorbs more solar radiation than the land nearby?
A Downdrafts
B Updrafts
C Coriolis effects
D Trade winds
Lesson 3 Review

47. A winds that result from uneven surface heating
9.3 Air Currents A B C D
What is an eddy?
A winds that result from uneven surface heating
B air in motion relative to the Earth’s surface
C air that becomes warmer than the surrounding air
D a current of air that runs counter to the main current
Lesson 3 Review

48. Air generally moves _____. A from low to high pressure
9.3 Air Currents A B C D
Air generally moves _____.
A from low to high pressure
B from high to low pressure
C from high to low altitudes
D from east to west
Lesson 3 Review

49. End of Lesson 3

50. Chapter Resources Menu
Chapter Assessment
California Standards Practice
Concepts in Motion
Image Bank
Science Online
Interactive Table
Virtual Lab
BrainPOP
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

51. A B C D
Which is a weather phenomenon that results from a sinking column of air?
A jet stream
B hurricane
C Coriolis effect
D downburst
Chapter Assessment 1

52. What are the names of the two jet streams? B C D
What are the names of the two jet streams?
A subpolar jet and subtropical jet
B polar jet and tropical jet
C polar jet and subtropical jet
D subpolar jet and tropical jet
Chapter Assessment 2

53. Which phenomenon explains why air does not travel in a straight line? B C D
Which phenomenon explains why air does not travel in a straight line?
A Coriolis effect
B doldrums
C jet stream
D Hadley cell
Chapter Assessment 3

54. A B C D
What percentage of incoming solar radiation reaches the Earth’s surface?
A 10%
B 25%
C 50%
D 85%
Chapter Assessment 4

55. Which of the following has shorter wavelengths? A visible light waves D
Which of the following has shorter wavelengths?
A visible light waves
B ultraviolet waves
C Infrared waves
D microwaves
Chapter Assessment 5

56. Sunlight strikes Earth’s equator _____.
SCI 4.a A B C D
Sunlight strikes Earth’s equator _____.
A approximately parallel to the surface
B approximately perpendicular to the surface
C at a low angle
D at a 45 angle
CA Standards Practice 1

57. Which best describes the global wind pattern? A one cell B two cell
SCI 4.d A B C D
Which best describes the global wind pattern?
A one cell
B two cell
C three cell
D four cell
CA Standards Practice 2

58. The stratosphere has a high concentration of which greenhouse gas?
SCI 4.b A B C D
The stratosphere has a high concentration of which greenhouse gas?
A carbon dioxide
B water vapor
C methane
D ozone
CA Standards Practice 3

59. How is heat transferred throughout the atmosphere?
SCI 4.d A B C D
How is heat transferred throughout the atmosphere?
A convection currents
B conduction
C radiation
D Coriolis effect
CA Standards Practice 4

60. A inward toward the center B outward from the center
SCI 4.d A B C
If air moves from an area of high pressure to low pressure, what would be the primary direction of air movement in a low pressure system?
A inward toward the center
B outward from the center
C neither inward or outward
CA Standards Practice 5

61. Concepts in Motion 1

62. Image Bank

63. Image Bank

64. Interactive Table

65. End of Resources