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Topic 3 Cells
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1.6.1
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3.2
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3.2
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Cell membrane Boundary Metabolic reactions Signal transduction
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Characteristics: Extremely thin Flexible Selectively permeable
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“Receptor” “transport” 3.3.1
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2. Cytoplasm Diffusion medium Dissolved materials for rxns
Site of rxns
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Cisternae Intracellular transport Site for protein synthesis & others Ribosomes Protein & RNA Found… Links a.a.
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Makes/stores… Has ribosomes Protein synthesis Lipids Hormones glycogen
Smooth ER Rough ER Makes/stores… Lipids Hormones glycogen Has ribosomes Protein synthesis
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Renews/modifies the cell membrane Modifies/packages/delivers proteins
Golgi apparatus Renews/modifies the cell membrane Modifies/packages/delivers proteins May or may not be released 3.6.1
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Tiny sacs with dig. enzymes
Lysosomes Tiny sacs with dig. enzymes Break down/recycle: Organic molecules Damaged organelles Pathogens Cholesterol & toxins Isolates reactions 3.6.2
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Mitochondria
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3.1
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Centrosome
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Involved in cell division 9 triplet groups of microtubules
Cytoskeleton factory Involved in cell division 9 triplet groups of microtubules 3.4.3
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Cilia & flagella
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Produce undulating motion
9 pairs of microtubules Produce undulating motion 3.4(4,5)
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Cytoskeleton
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Microfilaments Actin rods Alters shape Framework Microtubules Tubulin
Rigid From centrioles Tract 3.4.1
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Inclusions can be melanin, lipids, etc
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3. Nucleus Control center Stores DNA 3.9.1
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Chromatin
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CELL TRANSPORT
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Diffusion- movement of solutes from high to low concentration
Movement into & out of the cell. Diffusion- movement of solutes from high to low concentration Requires no energy 3.14.1
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3.13
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Osmosis Osmolarity Osmotic flow
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Tonicity 3.15.2
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3.16.1
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Not gradient dependent Requires ATP “Ion pumps.”
3.16.2
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Endo/Exocytosis Vesicular transpot Uses ATP Large substances
1.Receptor-mediated endocytosis Receives specific materials 3.17.1
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2. Pinocytosis Not selective
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3. Phagocytosis For large/solid substances Phagocytes & macrophages
Clean up/defense 3.17.3
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Cell cycle 3.18.2
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Interphase Somatic cells spend most time Duplication Many check points Divided into phases
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3.19.1
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3.20(1-6)
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Cell differentiation 3.1.2
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Control of Cell Division
Telomeres Cell size Kinase & cyclins Growth hormones Space availability
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3.21(1-4)
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Cancer Unchecked growth Does not respond to factors
Likely with high turn over Loss of function Benign vs malignant
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Nucleic acids & protein synthesis
3.9.2
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Two chains of nucleotides Ladder
Nucleic acids & protein synthesis Gene Enough DNA… Genome All cellular DNA Two chains of nucleotides Ladder Backbone Rungs 2.20.3
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Triplet = 3 base pairs = codon
Genetic code Sequence of base pairs Triplet = 3 base pairs = codon 3.11.1
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translation transcription 3.10.2
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Transcription RNA polymerase mRNA & codon Uracil Translation
tRNA matches mRNA
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transcription 3.11 +
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translation 3.12+
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DNA Replication Location… Preparing… During… Uses… 3.19.2
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Changes in genetic information: Mutation B.p. replaced B.p. added
B.p. deleted Inversion Transfer of DNA Errors can be corrected Repair enzymes or masked Multiple codes for an amino acids reduce changes.
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