1. Course Overview
What is AI?
What are the Major Challenges?
What are the Main Techniques?
Where are we failing, and why?
Step back and look at the Science
Step back and look at the History of AI
What are the Major Schools of Thought?
What of the Future?
Part I: Introduce you to what’s happening in Artificial Intelligence
Done
Part II: Give you an appreciation for the big picture
 Why it is a grand challenge
What are we trying to do
How do we do it
A lot of people would start with the history – but it’s a bit meaningless at first

2. Done Course Overview Step back and look at the Science
What is AI?
What are the Major Challenges?
What are the Main Techniques?
Where are we failing, and why?
Step back and look at the Science
Step back and look at the History of AI
What are the Major Schools of Thought?
What of the Future?
Part I: Introduce you to what’s happening in Artificial Intelligence
Done
Part II: Give you an appreciation for the big picture
 Why it is a grand challenge
What are we trying to do
How do we do it
A lot of people would start with the history – but it’s a bit meaningless at first

3. Course Overview Looking at the Science
What is AI?
What are the Major Challenges?
What are the Main Techniques?
Where are we failing, and why?
Step back and look at the Science
Step back and look at the History of AI
What are the Major Schools of Thought?
What of the Future?
Looking at the Science
Engineering vs. Science
Introduction to Cognitive Science
Cognitive Psychology 1
Cognitive Psychology 2
Cognitive Development
Linguistics
Neuroscience
Philosophy
What are we trying to do
How do we do it
A lot of people would start with the history – but it’s a bit meaningless at first

4. Course Overview Looking at the Science
What is AI?
What are the Major Challenges?
What are the Main Techniques?
Where are we failing, and why?
Step back and look at the Science
Step back and look at the History of AI
What are the Major Schools of Thought?
What of the Future?
Looking at the Science
Engineering vs. Science
Introduction to Cognitive Science
Cognitive Psychology 1
Cognitive Psychology 2
Cognitive Development
Linguistics
Neuroscience
Philosophy
What are we trying to do
How do we do it
A lot of people would start with the history – but it’s a bit meaningless at first

5. Language Module Specialised module in the brain?
What other evidence could support Chomsky’s hypothesis?
Neuroimaging can’t pinpoint a single area
Many different areas involved in different aspects of language
Some areas seem to serve a number of different functions
Modular processing could still exist within a functional module
Functionally specialised neural circuits
A combination of components some special to language, others more general

6. Language Module Evidence…
People with damaged “language module”, but other cognitive abilities ok
Damage in Broca’s area in the left hemisphere
can be unable to produce or perceive language with complicated grammar
People with limited cognitive abilities, but “language module” ok
Williams Syndrome
severe mental deficits, but grammatical language
Many recent results/theories contradict this
Damage in Wernicke's area – specialised language skill areas
Poor comprehension
Speech has a natural-sounding rhythm and normal syntax
…but no recognisable meaning (fluent or jargon aphasia)
Specific language impairment – 6% of population
Not related to or caused by other developmental disorders
Difficulty with inflected forms of words, "-ed"
Alternative: language processed in general cognitive system
No clear consensus yet… grammar localised… words not

7. Can Chimpanzees Learn Sign Language?
Washoe was trained for sign “More”
Learned sign for toothbrush by imitation
Made up some novel combinations of words:
refrigerator = OPEN FOOD DRINK
Some criticisms of results
Tried to replicate results with Nim Chimpsky, failed
Learnt some signs, but no grammar
Learnt nothing that could not be taught to a pigeon
Much controversy about these studies
Some claim it was self deception
Example (Pinker): Researchers said chimp was making a sign
Native human signer said he was just scratching himself

8. Can Chimpanzees Learn Sign Language?

9. Can Chimpanzees Learn Sign Language?No

10. Recommended Reading

11. Some Limitations on Internal Buffers…
“That many teachers are being laid off in a shortsighted attempt to balance this year’s budget at the same time that governor's cronies and bureaucratic hacks are lining their pockets is appalling.”
“It is appalling that many teachers are being laid off in a shortsighted attempt to balance this year’s budget at the same time that governor's cronies and bureaucratic hacks are lining their pockets.”
Maybe grammar allows choice to ease buffer burden
“The rapidity that the motion has is remarkable.”
“The motion that the wing has is remarkable.”
“The rapidity that the motion that the wing has has is remarkable.”
“The rapidity that the motion that the wing that the hummingbird has has has is remarkable.”
“The dog bit the cat.”
“The dog the stick beat bit the cat.”
“The dog the stick the fire burned beat bit the cat.”
Not short term memory… seems to be one part of the “parser”
Special buffer for this type of “incomplete phrase” – buffer size = 1!