1. Immunology Ch
Microbiology

2. 11.7 Primary & Secondary Response
Primary Response
Barriers
Innate Immunity
Secondary Response
Adaptive Immunity
B & T cells

3. 11.7 Antibody Proteins & Antigen Binding
The tip of the antibody is very variable allowing for millions of antibodies with different antigen- binding sites to exist.

4. 11.7 Antibody Genetic Diversity
Two Processess
Variable, Diverse, and Joining Regions (VDJ) recombination
Point mutation-Somatic Hypermutation

5. 11.7 Clonal Selection Hypothesis
1954 Niels Jerne
Individual B cell expresses receptors specific to the distinct antigens are determined before the antibody ever encounters the antigen.
Binding to a cell activates the cell causing proliferation of clone daughter cells.

6. 11.7 Isotype Class Switching
The antibody isotype of a B cell changes during development and activation.

7. 11.7 Making Memory B cells
After first infection the responding naïve cells can differentiate into effector B cells.
They can survive for years, protecting against reinfection.

8. 11.8 Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Lymph nodes store B & T cells and other White Blood Cells (WBCs)
The immune response triggers the release of WBC’s which are directed to the infected areas by hormones.

9. 11.8 Classes of T cells Thymus Effector-stimulate growth of new cells
Memory-antigen specific
Regulatory-inhibits response and resolves inflammation

10. 11.9 Dendritic cells & Macrophages
Dendritic-antigen presenting cells
Macrophages “big eaters”-engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis “cell eating”

11. 11.10 Immunity & Molecular Signals
Clonal selection & Tolerance
Protection against autoimmune diseases
Cytokines & Chemokines
Control growth of WBCs
Superantigens
Acute allergic reaction
Complement system
Magnifies innate immune response

12. 11.11 The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
MHC is a cell surface molecule that displays an epitope to mediate interactions of leukocytes with other leukocytes or body cells.
Three subgroups:
Polygenic
Polymorphic
Many Variants

13. 11.12 Classifying Immunities
Natural Active Immunity
Exposure to disease
Development of Antibodies
Natural Passive Immunity
Transferred from mother to baby through placenta or breast milk
Not long lasting
Artificial Immunity
Intentional exposure
Vaccinations
Antibody Transfer